Analysis of Zinc and Chromium in Grain Samples Using Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Microextraction Followed by
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Analysis of Zinc and Chromium in Grain Samples Using Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Microextraction Followed by Flame-AAS After Microwave Digestion Adil Elik 1 & Ahmet Demirbas 2 & Nail Altunay 3 Received: 30 December 2019 / Accepted: 30 January 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A simple, rapid and eco-friendly microextraction method was developed for the determination and preconcentration of zinc (Zn) and chromium (Cr) from grain products by ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-ILDLLME) combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Quercetin (2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one dihydrate) was used for the complexation of Zn(II) and Cr(III) ions at different pHs. The 1-hexyl-3methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]imide ([Hmim][NTf2] and acetonitrile were used as extraction solvent and dispersive solvent, respectively. To provide quantitative extraction of analytes, important experimental variables such as pH of sample solution, temperature, ultrasonic time, amount of chelating agent, amount of ionic liquid, type and amount of dispersive solvent, and interference effect were extensively studied and optimized. The detection limits and operating ranges for Zn(II) and Cr(III) using the optimized conditions were 7.5, 25–450 and 2.4, 8–300 μg L−1, respectively. For the validation of the proposed method, the certified reference material was tested using the standard addition method. After microwave digestion analysis of grain products, relative standard deviations (RSDs%) and recoveries were ranged from 1.2 to 2.3% and from 91.2 to 103.7%, respectively. The UA-IL-DLLME method has been successfully applied for the determination of Zn and Cr in grain samples (chickpea, broad bean, pea, beans, and wheat). Keywords Ultrasound . Zinc . Chromium . Ionic liquid . Grains . Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction
Introduction Highlights • Simultaneous trace analysis of zinc and chromium was demonstrated. • Ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in sample preparation. • The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by certified reference material. • [Hmim][NTf2] as an extractant was efficiently used for preconcentration of Zn and Cr. • Microwave digestion was applied to compare the results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02071-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Nail Altunay [email protected] 1
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey
2
Sivas Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey
3
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey
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