Analytical Theory of Democracy History, Mathematics and Applications
This book operationalizes the idea of political representation, which is fundamental to modern democracies. Both individual representatives and representative bodies are evaluated using the indices of popularity (the average percentage of the population w
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Andranik Tangian
Analytical Theory of Democracy History, Mathematics and Applications
Studies in Choice and Welfare
Editor-in-Chief M. Fleurbaey, USA M. Salles, France
Series editors B. Dutta, United Kingdom W. Gaertner, Germany C. Herrero Blanco, Spain B. Klaus, Switzerland P.K. Pattanaik, USA K. Suzumura, Japan W. Thomson, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6869
Andranik Tangian
Analytical Theory of Democracy History, Mathematics and Applications
Andranik Tangian Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Düsseldorf, Germany
ISSN 1614-0311 ISSN 2197-8530 (electronic) Studies in Choice and Welfare ISBN 978-3-030-39690-9 ISBN 978-3-030-39691-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39691-6 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To my parents, Avgousta and Sema Tanguiane
Preface
This is simple, my friend. It is because politics is more difficult than physics. Albert Einstein (1879–1955)1
Initially, this book was planned as the second edition of the 2014 monograph Mathematical Theory of Democracy. I was sure it needed only minor corrections and a few updates like replacing the Bundestag election analysis for 2009 with that for 2017. However, it just didn’t work out that way. As Auguste Rodin said to Bernard Shaw, who asked after 86 posing sessions when his portrait would be ready: “A sculpture work can never be considered finished while the artist is alive.”2 In the meantime, it has become apparent that only two of the three major concepts of political representation — descriptive, agent, policy — are supported by conventional elections. A good example is the German two-vote system. The descriptive
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