Animal Based Surgical Training in Pineal Approaches
The nonliving animal head model greatly simulates the standard neurosurgical procedures, and thus it is a useful, cost effective, and an easily applicable tool for developing and refining neurosurgical skills. Like any surgical specialty, neurosurgery req
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Animal Based Surgical Training in Pineal Approaches Samer S. Hoz, Rami Darwazeh, Mohammed Sabah Abdulqader, Osama Majeed Alaawadi, Gulshan Talat Muhammed, Awfa Aktham Abdullateef, Aysar Khudhair Jassam, Alyaa Khadim Abdulreda, and Hayder Ali Al-Saadi 9.1
Introduction
Residents may take years to master the required surgical skills to operate with sufficient patient safety, and this renders laboratory-based training models fundamental for optimized surgical training ahead of a self-reliant clinical career. Ideally, a novice trainee would begin training with nonbiological material, and after gaining sufficient dexterity, the trainee will be able to practice on biological materials followed by high-fidelity models prior to actual surgery. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of each model has, to our knowledge, only been judged subjectively, and we argue that objective quantification methods might be necessary to accelerate the acquisition of competence. Like any surgical specialty, neurosurgery requires the development of dexterity and skills for basic up to difficult techniques and procedures. In delicate organs such as the central nervous system, the neurosurgeon’s individual skills play a crucial role in preventing complications and determining patient outcome. Today, there is a multitude of training models and highly sophisticated simulation devices dedicated for improving surgical skills. The implementation of modern
S. S. Hoz (*) Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq e-mail: [email protected] R. Darwazeh Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China M. S. Abdulqader · O. M. Alaawadi · G. T. Muhammed · A. A. Abdullateef · A. K. Jassam A. K. Abdulreda · H. A. Al-Saadi Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 S. S. Hoz et al. (eds.), Pineal Neurosurgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53191-1_9
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state-of-the-art devices has been found to positively impact the resident’s learning process, but the associated high cost of acquiring and maintaining such modalities renders this approach of limited applicability for most surgical departments [1]. Despite its unquestioned general value in surgical training, the use of human cadaver training models is also subject to significant challenges like the limited availability and the sophisticated techniques used for their preservation, along with considerable associated expenses. The use of fresh animal cadavers offers a lower-cost alternative. Several nonliving animal models have been developed to help residents gain experience with microneurosurgical procedures, especially in the region of the posterior fossa. However, none of these has explicitly included the pineal region as an essential anatomical landmark for identification, diss
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