Animal Models to Study Emerging Technologies Against SARS-CoV-2
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Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering ( 2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12195-020-00638-9
COVID-19
Animal Models to Study Emerging Technologies Against SARS-CoV-2 JHINUK BASU MULLICK,1 CHELSEY S. SIMMONS
,1,2 and JANAK GAIRE1
1 Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; and 2Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
(Received 3 June 2020; accepted 16 July 2020) Associate Editor Owen McCarty oversaw the review of this article.
Abstract—New technologies are being developed toward the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 to understand its pathogenesis and transmission, to develop therapeutics and vaccines, and to formulate preventive strategies. Animal models are indispensable to understand these processes and develop and test emerging technologies; however, the mechanism of infection for SARS-CoV-2 requires certain similarities to humans that do not exist in common laboratory rodents. Here, we review important elements of viral infection, transmission, and clinical presentation reflected by various animal models readily available or being developed and studied for SARS-CoV-2 to help bioengineers evaluate appropriate preclinical models for their emerging technologies. Importantly, applications of traditional mice and rat models are limited for studying SARS-CoV-2 and development of COVID-19. Non-human primates, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, cats, and engineered chimeras mimic the human infection more closely and hold strong potential as animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression of resulting human disease. Keywords—COVID-19, ACE2 receptor, Vaccine studies, Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, Transgenic models, Non-human primates, Domestic pets, Farm animals.
ABBREVIATIONS ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme CoV Coronavirus COVID-19 Coronavirus disease identified in 2019 Dpi Days post-inoculation hACE2 Human ACE2 huPBMC Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells K18 Human cytokeratin 18 promoter mACE2 Mouse ACE2 Address correspondence to Chelsey S. Simmons, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Electronic mail: css@ufl.edu
MERS
Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus identified in 2012 NAb Neutralizing antibody NSG NOD SCID gamma SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus identified in 2003 TMPRSS Transmembrane protease, serine
INTRODUCTION The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which emerged in December 2019 and causes the disease ‘‘coronavirus disease ’19’’ (COVID-19), has galvanized biomedical research to understand, prevent, and treat this life-threatening condition.43 As with many diseases, animal models are being leveraged to study cellular pathogenesis and transmission of infection, as well as to examine the efficacy of viral vaccines and analyzing herd immunity post-vaccination. However,
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