Anomalous heat transfer modes of nanofluids: a review based on statistical analysis
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NANO REVIEW
Open Access
Anomalous heat transfer modes of nanofluids: a review based on statistical analysis Antonis Sergis* and Yannis Hardalupas
Abstract This paper contains the results of a concise statistical review analysis of a large amount of publications regarding the anomalous heat transfer modes of nanofluids. The application of nanofluids as coolants is a novel practise with no established physical foundations explaining the observed anomalous heat transfer. As a consequence, traditional methods of performing a literature review may not be adequate in presenting objectively the results representing the bulk of the available literature. The current literature review analysis aims to resolve the problems faced by researchers in the past by employing an unbiased statistical analysis to present and reveal the current trends and general belief of the scientific community regarding the anomalous heat transfer modes of nanofluids. The thermal performance analysis indicated that statistically there exists a variable enhancement for conduction, convection/mixed heat transfer, pool boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux modes. The most popular proposed mechanisms in the literature to explain heat transfer in nanofluids are revealed, as well as possible trends between nanofluid properties and thermal performance. The review also suggests future experimentation to provide more conclusive answers to the control mechanisms and influential parameters of heat transfer in nanofluids. Introduction Nanofluids are fluids that contain small volumetric quantities (around 0.0001-10%) of nanosized suspensions of solid particles (100 nm and smaller in size). This kind of fluids exhibit anomalous heat transfer characteristics and their use as advanced coolants along with the benefits over their conventional counterparts (pure fluids or micron-sized suspensions/slurries) is investigated. Nanofluids were invented by U.S. Choi of the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in 1993, during an investigation around new coolants and cooling technologies, as part of the “Advanced Fluids Program” project taking place At (ANL). The term “Nanofluids” was subsequently coined to this kind of colloidal suspensions by Choi in 1995 [1]. Since then, thriving research was undertaken to discover and understand the mechanisms of heat transfer in nanofluids. The knowledge of the physical mechanisms of heat transfer in nanofluids is of vital importance as it will enable the exploitation of their full heat transfer potential. * Correspondence: [email protected] The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Several literature review papers were issued by researchers in the last years [2-6]. However, it is the current authors’ belief that previous reviewers failed to present all the observations and results obtained from the literature in a clear and understanding method. The main problems arise from the fact that the application of nanofluids as coolants is a novel practise with no established physical
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