Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review
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Parasites & Vectors Open Access
REVIEW
Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review Eunice Oluwatobiloba Adedeji1,2, Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana1,2, Segun Fatumo3, Thomas Beder4, Yvonne Ajamma1, Rainer Koenig4* and Ezekiel Adebiyi1,5,6*
Abstract The increasing resistance to currently available insecticides in the malaria vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, hampers their use as an effective vector control strategy for the prevention of malaria transmission. Therefore, there is need for new insecticides and/or alternative vector control strategies, the development of which relies on the identification of possible targets in Anopheles. Some known and promising targets for the prevention or control of malaria transmission exist among Anopheles metabolic proteins. This review aims to elucidate the current and potential contribution of Anopheles metabolic proteins to malaria transmission and control. Highlighted are the roles of metabolic proteins as insecticide targets, in blood digestion and immune response as well as their contribution to insecticide resistance and Plasmodium parasite development. Furthermore, strategies by which these metabolic proteins can be utilized for vector control are described. Inhibitors of Anopheles metabolic proteins that are designed based on target specificity can yield insecticides with no significant toxicity to non-target species. These metabolic modulators combined with each other or with synergists, sterilants, and transmission-blocking agents in a single product, can yield potent malaria intervention strategies. These combinations can provide multiple means of controlling the vector. Also, they can help to slow down the development of insecticide resistance. Moreover, some metabolic proteins can be modulated for mosquito population replacement or suppression strategies, which will significantly help to curb malaria transmission. Keywords: Immune response, Insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Plasmodium, Vector control, Acetylcholinesterase Background Malaria remains a universal health challenge affecting over 200 million of the world’s population annually. Although malaria burden is highest in Africa (93% of malaria cases), a global incidence rate of 57 cases per 1000 population has been reported annually between 2014–2018 [1]. Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which vary from one region to *Correspondence: rainer.koenig@uni‑jena.de; ezekiel. [email protected] 1 Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria 4 Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
another [2, 3]. The major Anopheles species include An. gambiae, An. stephensi, An. dirus, An. coluzzii, An. albimanus, An. funestus and An. arabiensis amongst others. Transmissi
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