Antennas
The basic purpose of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS ) user antenna is the reception of navigation signals from all visible GNSS satellites. Transmit antennas onboard the GNSS satellites, on the other hand, are quite different and employ large
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Antennas
17. Antennas
Moazam Maqsood, Steven Gao, Oliver Montenbruck
17.1 17.1.1 17.1.2 17.1.3 17.1.4 17.1.5 17.1.6
GNSS Antenna Characteristics. ........... Center Frequency ............................. Bandwidth ...................................... Radiation Pattern ............................. Antenna Gain .................................. 3 dB Beam Width .............................. Polarization .....................................
506 507 507 507 507 507 508
17.1.7 17.1.8 17.1.9 17.1.10
Axial Ratio ....................................... Impedance Matching and Return Loss Front-to-Back and Multipath Ratio ... Phase-Center Stability ......................
508 508 509 509
17.2 17.2.1 17.2.2 17.2.3 17.2.4 17.2.5
509 509 510 511 512
17.2.6
Basic GNSS Antenna Types ................ Microstrip Patch Antenna .................. Helix Antenna.................................. Quadrifilar Helix Antenna ................. Spiral Antenna ................................. Wide-Band Bow-Tie Turnstile Antenna............................. Wide-Band Pinwheel Antenna ..........
17.3 17.3.1 17.3.2 17.3.3 17.3.4 17.3.5 17.3.6
Application-Specific GNSS Antennas.. Hand-Held Terminals ....................... Surveying and Geodesy..................... Aviation .......................................... Space Applications ........................... Antijamming Antennas ..................... GNSS Remote Sensing .......................
513 513 514 515 516 517 518
17.4 17.4.1 17.4.2 17.4.3 17.4.4 17.4.5 17.4.6 17.4.7
Multipath Mitigation ....................... Metallic Reflector Ground Plane......... Choke-Ring Ground Plane................. Noncutoff Corrugated Ground Plane... Convex Impedance Ground Plane ...... 3-D Choke-Ring Ground Plane .......... Cross Plate Reflector Ground Plane..... Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Substrate .........................................
519 520 520 521 521 521 522
17.5 17.5.1 17.5.2 17.5.3
Antennas for GNSS Satellites............. Concentric Helix Antenna Arrays ........ Patch Antenna Arrays........................ Reflector-Backed Monofilar Antenna .
523 523 524 526
17.6
Antenna Measurement and Calibration ............................... Basic Antenna Testing....................... Phase-Center Calibration ..................
527 527 528
References...................................................
531
17.6.1 17.6.2
513 513
522
Part C | 17
The basic purpose of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) user antenna is the reception of navigation signals from all visible GNSS satellites. Transmit antennas onboard the GNSS satellites, on the other hand, are quite different and employ large antenna arrays to create high-gain global beams illuminating the entire surface of the Earth. This chapter presents different design options for GNSS antennas operating in the L-band of the radio frequency spectrum. It starts with a brief discussion of key requirements for the GNSS receiving antenna, where several design parameters are introduced and explained. Thereafter, anten
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