Modern Antennas
Modern Antennas, 2nd edition provides a complete and rigorous treatment of the theory and practice of modern antenna design and use. Written by a team of experienced engineers, the text is presented in a simple and understandable manner which guides
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Modem Antennas 2nd edition
by
S. DRABOWITCH Ecole Superieure d 'Electrici te, France
A. PAPIERNIK University a/Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
H.D. GRIFFITHS University Colleg e London, u.K.
J. ENCINASt Institut Superieur d'El ectronique de Paris, France
and
B.L. SMITH Alcatel, Paris , France
~ Springer
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congre ss.
ISBN-IO ISBN-13 ISBN-IO ISBN-13
1-4020-3216-1 (HB) 978-1-4020-3216-5 (HB) 0-387-26231-8 (e-book) 978-0-387-26231-4 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht , The Netherlands. www.sp ringeronline.com
Printed on acid-free pap er
All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrie val system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclu sive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.
Contents List of contributors Foreword Acknowledgements
XVI
XVll
XX
Electromagnetism and antennas - a historical perspective 1 Fundamentals of electromagnetism 1.1 Maxwell's equations 1.1.1 Maxwell's equations in an arbitrary medium I. I .2 Linear media 1.1.3 Conducting media 1.104 Reciprocity theorem 1.2 Power and energy 1.2.1 Power volume densities 1.2.2 Energy volume densities 1.2.3 Poynting vector and power 1.3 Plane waves in linear media 1.3.1 Plane waves in an isotropic linear medium 1.3.2 Skin effect Further reading Exercises
7 7 7 10 12 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 24
26 27
2 Radiation
31 2.1 Plane wave spectrum 32 2.1.1 Spectral domain 32 2.1.2 Electromagnetic field in a semi-infinite space with no sources 34 2.1.3 The far field 39 2.2 Kirchhoff's formulation 44 2.2.1 Green's identity and Green's functions 44 2.2.2 Kirchhoff's integral formulation 46 2.2.3 Plane wave spectrum and Kirchhoff's formulation 48 Furthe r reading 49 Exercises 50
3 Antennas in transmission 3.1 Far field radiation 3.1 .1 Vector characteristic of the radiation from the antenna 3.1 .2 Translation theorem
53 54 54 55
vi Contents 3.1.3 Application: radiation produced by an arbitrary current 3.1.4 Radiated power 3.2 Field radiated from an antenna 3.2.1 Elementary dipoles 3.2.2 Plane-aperture radiation 3.3 Directivity, gain, radiation pattern 3.3.1 Radiated power 3.3.2 Directivity 3.3.3 Gain 3.3.4 Radiation pattern 3.3.5 Input impedance Further reading Exercises 4 Receiving antennas 4.1 Antenna reciprocity theorem 4.1.1 Reciprocity theorem applied to a source-free closed surface 4.1.2 Relation between the field on transmit and the field on receive 4.2 Antenna effective receiving area 4.2.1 Definition 4.2.2 Relationship between gain and effective receiving area 4.3 Energy transmission between two antennas 4.3.1 The Friis transmission formula 4.3.2 Radar equation 4.3.3 Antenna Radar Cross Section (RCS) 4.4 Antenna behaviour in t
