Anti-inflammatory Effect of Seeds and Callus of Nigella sativa L. Extracts on Mix Glial Cells with Regard to Their Thymo
- PDF / 474,269 Bytes
- 8 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 62 Downloads / 195 Views
Research Article Anti-inflammatory Effect of Seeds and Callus of Nigella sativa L. Extracts on Mix Glial Cells with Regard to Their Thymoquinone Content Mobina Alemi,1 Farzaneh Sabouni,1 Forough Sanjarian,1 Kamahldin Haghbeen,1,2 and Saeed Ansari1
Received 15 August 2012; accepted 20 November 2012; published online 19 December 2012 Abstract. Anti-inflammatory effect of the alcoholic extracts of N. sativa seeds and its callus on mix glial cells of rat with regard to their thymoquinone (TQ) content was investigated. Callus induction was achieved for explants of young leaf, stem, petiole, and root of N. sativa on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2,4-D (1 mg/l) and kinetin (2.15 mg/l). TQ content of the alcoholic extracts was measured by HPLC. Total phenols were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu method and antioxidant power was estimated using FRAP tests. The mix glial cells, inflamed by lipopolysaccharide, were subjected to anti-inflammatory studies in the presence of various amounts of TQ and the alcoholic extracts. Viability of the cells and nitric oxide production were measured by MTT and Griess reagent, respectively. The leaf callus obtained the highest growth rate (115.4 mg/day) on MS medium containing 2,4-D (0.22 mg/l) and kinetin (2.15 mg/l). Analyses confirmed that TQ content of the callus of leaf was 12 times higher than that measured in the seeds extract. However, it decreased as the calli aged. Decrease in the TQ content of the callus was accompanied with an increase in its phenolic content and antioxidant ability. Studies on the inflamed rat mix glial cells revealed significant reduction in the nitric oxide production in the presence of 0.2 to 1.6 mg/ml of callus extract and 1.25 to 20 μl/ml of the seed extracts. However, the extent of the effects is modified assumingly due to the presence of the other existing substances in the extracts. KEY WORDS: callus; glial cells; inflammation; Nigella sativa L.; thymoquinone.
INTRODUCTION Inflammation is observed in most diseases and assumed to be a defense reaction designed to remove noxious agents (1). Neuro-inflammation is a significant feature of brain injuries and nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. Glial cells including astrocyte and microglia are among the brain’s important immune cells. Inflamed glial cells can exacerbate neurodegenerative diseases by producing and releasing neurotoxins such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) (2). It has been shown that NO participates in degeneration of oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis and neuronal death in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (3). Recognition of medicines which can reduce inflammation in glial cells is one of the important current issues. Considering the side effects of synthetic medicines, the World Health Organization estimates that about 80% of people, at least in Asian and African countries, trust in traditional remedies more than chemical medicines. This is true especially for herbal drugs which are found in many modern medi
Data Loading...
