Anti-Lessepsian migration rectified: the Comber Serranus cabrilla (L. 1758) existed in the Red Sea prior to the Suez Can
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Anti‑Lessepsian migration rectified: the Comber Serranus cabrilla (L. 1758) existed in the Red Sea prior to the Suez Canal opening Arthur R. Bos1,2 · Joel Ogwang1 · Michel Bariche3 · Mizuki Horoiwa4 · Menna Megahed1 · Amged Ouf1 · Nina Yasuda4 Received: 11 October 2019 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, a plethora of Red Sea fishes have entered the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migration). The Comber Serranus cabrilla is considered to have moved in the opposite direction as anti-Lessepsian migrant and has an established population in the northern Red Sea. Mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear DNA from 49 individuals from Red Sea (Gulf of Suez) and Mediterranean populations (Cyprus, Egypt and Lebanon), as well as GenBank sequences from other Mediterranean and Atlantic populations were analyzed to study phylogenetic relationships. COI sequencing resulted in a phylogenetic tree that isolated the Red Sea population from all Mediterranean and Atlantic populations. Furthermore, sequence divergence within the Red Sea population was significantly lower than in Atlantic and Mediterranean populations. Moreover, none of the Mediterranean haplotypes were present in the Red Sea. SNPs and MIG-seq analyses of nuclear DNA confirmed that the Red Sea population is genetically different from the Mediterranean populations. A rough estimate of divergence time suggested that Mediterranean and Red Sea populations separated 194,055 years ago, at the latest. Serranus cabrilla must, therefore, have existed in the Red Sea prior to the opening of the Suez Canal and can no longer be considered as an anti-Lessepsian migrant.
Introduction
Responsible Editor: T. Reusch. Reviewed by undisclosed experts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-020-03748-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Arthur R. Bos [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, New Cairo, Egypt
2
Taxonomy and Systematics Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
3
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
4
Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
The Suez Canal was officially opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and resulted in an unprecedented exchange of organisms. The majority of organisms have moved from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, so-called Lessepsian migration (Galil 2009; Por 1978), while few have moved in the opposite direction, via anti-Lessepsian migration (Por 1978; Golani 1999). The taxonomic diversity of invasive organisms is broad, including, though not limited to, seagrass (Gambi et al. 2009), zooplankton (Spanier and Galil 1991; Zakaria 2015), echinoderms (Tzomos et al. 2010) and fish (Mavruk and Avsar 2008). Most fis
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