Anti-trichomonad activities of different compounds from foods, marine products, and medicinal plants: a review
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(2020) 20:271
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
REVIEW
Open Access
Anti-trichomonad activities of different compounds from foods, marine products, and medicinal plants: a review Mendel Friedman1* , Christina C. Tam2, Luisa W. Cheng2 and Kirkwood M. Land3
Abstract Human trichomoniasis, caused by the pathogenic parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease that contributes to reproductive morbidity in affected women and possibly to prostate cancer in men. Tritrichomonas foetus strains cause the disease trichomoniasis in farm animals (cattle, bulls, pigs) and diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs). Because some T. vaginalis strains have become resistant to the widely used drug metronidazole, there is a need to develop alternative treatments, based on safe natural products that have the potential to replace and/or enhance the activity of lower doses of metronidazole. To help meet this need, this overview collates and interprets worldwide reported studies on the efficacy of structurally different classes of food, marine, and medicinal plant extracts and some of their bioactive pure compounds against T. vaginalis and T. foetus in vitro and in infected mice and women. Active food extracts include potato peels and their glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and quercetin; the tomato glycoalkaloid αtomatine; theaflavin-rich black tea extracts and bioactive theaflavins; plant essential oils and their compounds (+)-αbisabolol and eugenol; the grape skin compound resveratrol; the kidney bean lectin, marine extracts from algae, seaweeds, and fungi and compounds that are derived from fungi; medicinal extracts and about 30 isolated pure compounds. Also covered are the inactivation of drug-resistant T. vaginalis and T. foetus strains by sensitized light; antitrichomonad effects in mice and women; beneficial effects of probiotics in women; and mechanisms that govern cell death. The summarized findings will hopefully stimulate additional research, including molecular-mechanism-guided inactivations and human clinical studies, that will help ameliorate adverse effects of pathogenic protozoa. Keywords: Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus, Trichomoniasis, Trichomonosis, Rodent and human studies, Food compounds, Marine compounds, Medicinal plant compounds, Anti-trichomonad effects, Mechanisms
Background The flagellate protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular parasite that infects the vagina and the male genital tract causing the most common non-viral sexually transmitted human venereal disease (STD) trichomoniasis, with about 300 million annual cases worldwide and about 3.7 million in the United States [1–3]. * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 United States Department of Agriculture, Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
The mostly asymptomatic disease does not seem to dec
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