Antibacterial Activity of Halophilic Bacteria Against Drug-Resistant Microbes Associated with Diabetic Foot Infections
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Antibacterial Activity of Halophilic Bacteria Against Drug‑Resistant Microbes Associated with Diabetic Foot Infections Santhaseelan Henciya1 · Thasu Dinakaran Vengateshwaran1 · Murugaiah Santhosh Gokul1 · Hans‑Uwe Dahms2,3,4 · Rathinam Arthur James1 Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 28 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bacteria causing diabetic foot infections (DFI) are chronic and generally multidrug resistant (MDR), which calls urgently for alternative antibacterials. The present study focused on potential metabolite producing bacteria from a saltpan environment and screened against MDR pathogens isolated from DFI patients. Molecular identification of the DFI pathogens provided Klebsiella quasivariicola, Staphylococcus argenteus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, Bacillus australimaris, and Corynebacterium stationis. Among 34 isolated halophilic bacteria, the cell-free supernatant of strain PSH06 provided the largest inhibition zone of 23 mm against K. quasivariicola [D1], 21 mm against. S. argenteus [D2], 19 mm against E. coli [D3], and a minimum inhibition zone was found to be 14 mm against C. stationis [D8]. The potent activity providing stain confirmed as Pseudomonas aeruginosa through molecular identification. On the other hand, ethyl acetate extract of this strain showed excellent growth inhibition in MIC at 64 µg/mL against K. quasivariicola. Distressed cell membranes and vast dead cells were observed at MIC of ethyl acetate extract by SEM and CLSM against K.quasivariicola and E. coli. GC–MS profile of ethyl acetate extract exposed the occurrence of Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate and n-Hexadecanoic acid and shows 100% toxic effect at 24 mg/mL by Artemia nauplii. The active extract fraction with above compounds derived from saltpan bacteria provided highest antibacterial efficacy against DFI-associated pathogens depicted with broad spectrum activity compared to standard antibiotics.
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02190-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hans‑Uwe Dahms [email protected]; [email protected] * Rathinam Arthur James [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
2
Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
3
Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
4
Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
The World Health Organization argued that diabetic patients deserve higher pathological concerns especially at their lower limbs affected by infections, ulceration; tissue-associated neurological abnormalities, vascular diseases, and metabolic disorders of diabetes [1]. Moreover, 194 million people worldwide an
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