Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and Thrombolytics Second Edition

During the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in the development of newer drugs to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders, such as oral direct anti-Xa and anti-IIa antagonists, as well as oral antiplatelet ADP antagonists with rapid onset

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Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

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Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and Thrombolytics Second Edition

Edited by

Shaker A. Mousa Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA

Editor Shaker A. Mousa Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Pharmaceutical Research Institute One Discovery Drive Rensselaer, NY 12144 USA [email protected]

ISSN 1064-3745 e-ISSN 1940-6029 ISBN 978-1-60761-802-7 e-ISBN 978-1-60761-803-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-60761-803-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010929846 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2003, 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface The past 2 decades have witnessed significant advances in the discovery and development of novel drugs to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders, such as oral direct antiXa and anti-IIa (thrombin) antagonists, as well as oral antiplatelet ADP antagonists with rapid onset and offset. The introduction of direct oral factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors that do not require monitoring and have no significant food or drug interactions represents a significant advance that may lead to the replacement of oral warfarin and injectable heparin or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in some, but probably not all, indications. In addition, there has been concentrated effort aimed at identifying novel uses of traditional antithrombotic drugs as well as combinations of agents, such as more than one antiplatelet, or antiplatelet plus anticoagulant. These tremendous achievements have resulted in improved management of arterial and venous thromboembolic-associated disorders. Although the morbidity an