Antibiotic Resistance Protocols Second Edition
Since the publication of the popular first edition, genomic methods have become more accessible, allowing antibiotic researchers to probe not only the sequence of antibiotic resistance determinants but the mechanism whereby they are expressed and regulate
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Molecular Biology™
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
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Antibiotic Resistance Protocols Second Edition
Edited by
Stephen H. Gillespie UCL Medical School, London, UK
Timothy D. McHugh UCL Medical School, London, UK
Editors Stephen H. Gillespie, MD UCL Medical School London, UK [email protected]
Timothy D. McHugh, Ph.D UCL Medical School London, UK [email protected]
ISSN 1064-3745 e-ISSN 1940-6029 ISBN 978-1-60327-278-0 e-ISBN 978-1-60327-279-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-60327-279-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010924280 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface Several years have passed since the first edition of our book, and much has changed in the world of microbiology. The trend of increasing antibiotic resistance has continued with, for example, the emergence of extensively resistant M. tuberculosis. Our understanding of antibiotic resistance biology has increased. Genomic methods have become more accessible allowing antibiotic researchers to probe not only the sequence of antibiotic resistance determinants but also the mechanism whereby they are expressed and regulated. Array methodology has allowed a large number of genes to be studied simultaneously, while real time PCR has allowed detailed dissection of gene expression. We have also begun to understand the importance of biofilms and the physiological state of the organism in permitting organisms to survive in the face of antibiotics and the act of developing resistance. The molecular revolution has provided the tools that allow us to detect and characterise resistance determinants, and these may be sequence based, nucleic acid amplif
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