Antiproliferative and apoptogenic effects of Cassia fistula L. n-hexane fraction against human cervical cancer (HeLa) ce
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Antiproliferative and apoptogenic effects of Cassia fistula L. n-hexane fraction against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells Sandeep Kaur 1,2 & Kritika Pandit 1 & Madhu Chandel 2 & Satwinderjeet Kaur 1 Received: 8 September 2019 / Accepted: 16 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The current study was performed to evaluate the antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing potential of n-hexane fraction from Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpinioideae) fruits. The antiproliferative property of the fraction was determined by MTT assay against cancer cell lines including HeLa, MG-63, IMR-32, and PC-3 with GI50 value of 97.69, 155.2, 143, and 160.2 μg/ml respectively. The fraction was further explored for its apoptotic effect using confocal, SEM, and flow cytometry studies in HeLa cells. It was observed that the treatment of fraction revealed fragmentation of DNA, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, and formation of apoptotic bodies in a dose-dependent manner. The fraction also showed a remarkable increase in the level of ROS, mitochondrial depolarization and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and induction in the phosphatidylserine externalization analyzed using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay in HeLa cells. Kaempferol, Ellagic acid, and Epicatechin are the major phytoconstituents present in the fraction as revealed by the HPLC. The treatment of n-hexane fraction showed downregulation in the gene expression of Bcl-2 and upregulation in the expression level of p53, Bad, and caspase-3 genes analyzed using semiquantitative RT-PCR in HeLa cells. These results suggest that n-hexane fraction from C. fistula inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer cells efficiently by the induction of apoptosis. Keywords Cassia fistula . Antiproliferative . Apoptosis . HeLa cells . HPLC
Introduction Cancer is a multifactorial disease and is characterized by unregulated growth, dysregulation of cell signaling pathways, and dissemination of malignantly transformed neoplastic cells (Salehi et al. 2018; Rather and Bhagat 2018). It remains the plague of the century as it is still the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which accounts for 14 million new cases and roughly 8 million deaths each year (Torre et al. 2015; Kotecha et al. 2016; Muntean et al. 2018). The quintessential traits of cancer cells involve insensitivity to antigrowth signals, self-sufficiency in growth signals, sustained
Responsible editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim * Satwinderjeet Kaur [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
2
Post Graduate Department of Botany, Khalsa College, Amritsar, India
angiogenesis, evasion of apoptosis, tissue invasion, limitless replicative potential, and metastasis which collectively dictate the conversion and/or transformation of a normal cell to a malignant phenotype (Hanahan and Weinberg 2000; Priyadarsini and Nagini 2012). The cancer development proce
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