Application of nanoindentation technology in rocks: a review
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REVIEW
Application of nanoindentation technology in rocks: a review Zhaoyang Ma . Ranjith Pathegama Gamage
. Chengpeng Zhang
Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Nanoindentation has become an increasingly popular method to determine the mechanical properties of both homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. Rocks are inherently heterogeneous and understanding their mechanical properties is of vital importance for relevant engineering applications. Due to its high precision and resolution in both force and displacement, nanoindentation can be utilized to extract the localized mechanical properties of individual grains. This review paper presents an overview of applications of nanoindentation techniques in various rocks, such as shale, coal, limestone, marble, sandstone and claystone. Apart from the conventional mechanical parameters, i.e., Young’s modulus and hardness, other parameters, such as fracture toughness, time-dependent creep and tensile strength can also be obtained using nanoindentation methods. Basic equations and parameters employed to obtain the above mechanical parameters are clearly
Z. Ma R. Pathegama Gamage (&) Deep Earth Energy Laboratory, Building 60, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia e-mail: [email protected] Z. Ma e-mail: [email protected] C. Zhang (&) State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China e-mail: [email protected]
explained. In addition, merits and demerits of previous nanoindentation studies are summarised and roadmap for future trends of nanoindentation in geomaterials are suggested. Keywords Nanoindentation Geomaterials Fracture toughness Time-dependent creep
1 Introduction Understanding the mechanical properties of geomaterials (including rocks and soils) is of great significance to relevant engineering applications, such as reservoir stimulation (e.g. hydraulic fracturing, waterless-fracturing, in situ leaching), drilling, wellbore stability and rock physics modelling. Geomaterials are generally inherently heterogeneous with complex microstructures and mineralogical compositions at the microscale (Table 1). Macroscopic deformation as well as damage characteristics of geomaterials are dependent on the mechanical properties of their constituents (Li et al. 2019a). Although laboratory experiments can be carried out at meso- or macro-scale to obtain the mechanical parameters of geomaterials, such as Young’s modulus (E) and hardness (H), these experiments surfer from the following four main disadvantages when compared with nanoindentation tests.
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Table 1 Minerals constituents for different types of rock
Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour.
Rock types
Constituents
Granite
Quartz, feldspar, mica
Shale
Quartz, feldspar, pyrite, illite, calcite, kaolinite, kerogen, dolomite
Coal
Quartz, clay, organic matter, vitrinite
Sandston
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