Application of Technical Diagnostics
The objects of technical diagnostics can be illustrated by the life cycle of all man-made technical items: from raw materials to engineering materials and—via design and production—to structures and systems, and finally, to deposition or recycling, see Fi
- PDF / 1,315,588 Bytes
- 12 Pages / 504.567 x 720 pts Page_size
- 97 Downloads / 204 Views
Application of Technical Diagnostics Horst Czichos
2.1
Objects of Technical Diagnostics
The objects of technical diagnostics can be illustrated by the life cycle of all man-made technical items: from raw materials to engineering materials and—via design and production—to structures and systems, and finally, to deposition or recycling, see Fig. 2.1. Technical diagnostics can be applied in almost all areas of technology and industry in order to ensure product quality, economical and efficient processes and, most importantly, to assure safety and reliability. In this section, the objects of technical diagnostics—engineering materials, structures and systems—are considered in brief.
2.1.1
Engineering Materials
It has been estimated that there are between 40,000 and 80,000 materials which are used or can be used in today’s technology [1], they can be categorized as follows [2]:
This chapter considers the objects of technical diagnostics and explains Systems Thinking as generic concept for the application of technical diagnostics in technology and industry. H. Czichos (&) BHT Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Luxemburger Straße 20a, 13353 Berlin, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
• Natural Materials: Natural materials used in engineering applications are classified into natural materials of mineral origin, e.g. marble, granite, sandstone, mica, sapphire, ruby, diamond, and those of organic origin, e.g. timber, India rubber, natural fibres, like cotton and wool. The properties of natural materials of mineral origin, as for example high hardness and good chemical durability, are determined by strong covalent and ionic bonds between their atomic or molecular constituents and stable crystal structures. Natural materials of organic origin often possess complex structures with direction-dependent properties. Advantageous application aspects of natural materials are recycling and sustainability. • Metallic Materials: In metals, the grains as the buildings blocks are held together by the electron gas. The free valence electrons of the electron gas account for the high electrical and thermal conductivity, and the optical gloss of metals. The metallic bonding—seen as interaction between the total of atomic nuclei and the electron gas—is not significantly influenced by a displacement of atoms. This is the reason for the good ductility and formability of metals. Metals and metallic alloys are the most important group of the socalled structural materials whose special features for engineering applications are their mechanical properties, e.g. strength and toughness.
H. Czichos (ed.), Handbook of Technical Diagnostics, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25850-3_2, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
11
12
H. Czichos
Fig. 2.1 The product cycle of technical items and the potential of technical diagnostics
• Semiconductors have an intermediate position between metals and inorganic non-metallic materials. Their most important representatives are the elements silicon and germanium, possessing covalent bonding and diam
Data Loading...
