Application to Cyber-Physical Systems
In this chapter we present examples of application of the consensus-based algorithms introduced in Chaps. 2 and 3 to representative Cyber-Physical Systems like: (i) mobile wireless body area networks for patient monitoring; (ii) wireless networked monit
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Application to Cyber-Physical Systems
5.1 Wireless Body Area Networked System We consider the scenario of patients remote health monitoring systems by wireless heterogeneous networks. An application of the consensus-based algorithm (2.3) (just considering the feedforward term) implemented by hop-by-hop mechanism in the case of wireless technology is shown. The tuning of the controller gains at each node is carried out by the methodology described in Sect. 2.3 (Theorem 2.1 - Proof (a)) and already applied in the scenario presented in Sect. 4.2.2. The approach may be extended to the case of the presence of background traffic coming from the neighbors by considering the feedback term. The algorithm is implemented at the network layer but its issues affect the application performance in terms of patient monitoring reliability and responsiveness.
5.1.1 Introduction The recent increased interest in distributed and flexible wireless pervasive applications has drawn great attention to the QoS (Quality of Service) requirements of WNMCS architectures based on wireless sensor actuator networks (WSANs). Wireless data communication networks provide reduced costs, better power management, easier maintenance and effortless deployment in remote and hard-to-reach areas. Although WSAN research was originally undertaken for military applications, as the field slowly matured and technology rapidly advanced, it has been extended to many civilian applications such as environment and habitat monitoring, home automation, traffic control, and more recently healthcare applications. In particular, wireless body area network (WBAN) technology has significantly increased the potential of remote healthcare monitoring systems (e.g., see i.e., [1] and references therein). WBAN is a particular kind of WSAN consisting of strategically placed wearable or implanted (in the body) wireless sensor nodes that transmit vital signs (e.g., heart rate, blood © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 S. Manfredi, Multilayer Control of Networked Cyber-Physical Systems, Advances in Industrial Control, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41646-5_5
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5 Application to Cyber-Physical Systems
pressure, temperature, pH, respiration, oxygen saturation) without limiting the activities of the wearer. The data gathered can be forwarded in real time to the hospital, clinic, or central repository through a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), or cellular network. Doctors and carers can at a distance access this information to assess the state of health of the patient. Additionally, the patient can be alerted by using SMS, alarm, or reminder messages. In a more advanced WBAN, a patient’s sensor can even use a neighbor sensor to relay its data if the patient is too far away from the central server (e.g., the hospital data storage). This communication mode is called “Multi-hop” wireless transmission. Generally speaking, multi-hop not only extends the communication distance but also saves energy consumption since direct sensor–server long distance wirele
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