Appraising drought hazard during Boro rice growing period in western Bangladesh
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Appraising drought hazard during Boro rice growing period in western Bangladesh Most. Rukaiya Muntarin Zinat 1 & Roquia Salam 1 & Mehnaz Abbasi Badhan 1 & Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam 1 Received: 18 April 2020 / Revised: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 June 2020 # ISB 2020
Abstract Drought is one of the critical agro-meteorological hazards in the world including Bangladesh. Rice is the major food grain in Bangladesh, and drought has threatened the food grain and the country’s food security. However, drought hazard (DH) in the Boro rice growing period and their associations are less investigated in Bangladesh. Hence, we intend to appraise the DH in the vegetative, reproductive, and ripening phases and the whole growing season based on the daily temperature, precipitation data, and yearly rice phenology dataset from 8 meteorological stations in western Bangladesh from 1980 to 2013. The Mann-Kendall (M-K) test was employed to identify the trend in phenology dates and drought hazard. The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was adopted to compute the DH. The results show that moderate to severe drought events occurred in western Bangladesh during Boro rice growing period. The transplanting dates were delayed in the southwestern part by a rate of 1.31 day/year along with a trend towards a shorter and more humid ripening phase (p < 0.05). By contrast, transplanting dates were started earlier in the northwestern part with a rate of − 0.48 day/year along with the enhanced length of the reproductive and the ripening phases (p < 0.10). We appraised the DH during each Boro rice growing season, where the ripening phase faced a more severe DH than other phases that were most susceptible to water stress conditions. There was a strong association between DH and crop yield loss during the whole growth period in the study area. Keywords Drought Hazard . Rice phenology . SPEI . Mann-Kendall . Yield loss rate
Introduction Among natural hazards, drought is a regular happening and widespread hazard, which unfavorably affects livelihood, habitat of human, and economic fields. Of these fields, agriculture is highly affected due to drought hazard (WMO 2016; FAO 2018; Kamruzzaman et al. 2019a). Drought not only creates an unfavorable situation for crop growth but also gradually reduces crop yields. In Bangladesh, for example, severe drought occurs twice on an average in a decade (CCCB 2009). Reduction of 2 million tons of rice and wheat production occurred by the drought in 1978–1979 and 1994–1995, Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01949-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam [email protected] 1
Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Rangpur 5400, Bangladesh
respectively (Rahman and Biswas 1995). World Bank Bangladesh (1998) reported that droughts are more disruptive in case of crop loss than floods in Bangladesh. Xenarios et al. (2016)
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