Approaches for determining cardiac bidomain conductivity values: progress and challenges
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Approaches for determining cardiac bidomain conductivity values: progress and challenges Barbara M. Johnston1
· Peter R. Johnston1
Received: 13 January 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering 2020
Abstract Modelling the electrical activity of the heart is an important tool for understanding electrical function in various diseases and conduction disorders. Clearly, for model results to be useful, it is necessary to have accurate inputs for the models, in particular the commonly used bidomain model. However, there are only three sets of four experimentally determined conductivity values for cardiac ventricular tissue and these are inconsistent, were measured around 40 years ago, often produce different results in simulations and do not fully represent the three-dimensional anisotropic nature of cardiac tissue. Despite efforts in the intervening years, difficulties associated with making the measurements and also determining the conductivities from the experimental data have not yet been overcome. In this review, we summarise what is known about the conductivity values, as well as progress to date in meeting the challenges associated with both the mathematical modelling and the experimental techniques. Keywords Bidomain model · Cardiac conductivity values · Electrophysiology · Heart · Review
1 Introduction In 2014, Henriquez [29] commented, in relation to the conductivities that are necessary inputs to models of cardiac electrical behaviour, that “Understanding all the factors that affect the microscopic and macroscopic electrical properties and performing the measurements in vivo over a range of conditions remains an open challenge to the field”. This is still true today and it provides the impetus for this review to discuss what these challenges are and why it is essential for models to use accurate values for the cardiac electrical conductivities, as well as to gather together the information that is currently known about the conductivities. The state of the art in terms of measuring the conductivities will also be presented, in addition to suggestions about the way the field might move forward in the future. It has been shown that values for the bidomain conductivities play a significant role in the modelling and simulation
Barbara M. Johnston
[email protected] 1
School of Environment and Science, and Queensland Micro– and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
of many bioelectric phenomena and that differences in published conductivity values can lead to divergent predictions from mathematical models utilising such values [16, 34, 41, 55, 60, 84]. Hence, an accurate determination of conductivity values is of fundamental importance to researchers who undertake electrophysiological simulations with the aim of understanding aspects of cardiac electrophysiology that are not amenable to experimental study. Such studies include models of ST segment deviation, electrical conduction defe
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