Approved Veterinary Vaccines: Paving the Way to Products for Human Health
Industrial production of veterinary vaccines started in the 1950s introducing the possibility to vaccinate millions of animals. In the meantime veterinary vaccines and mass vaccination became a necessary prerequisite for a modern livestock industry. Nearl
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Matthias Giese
Industrial production of veterinary vaccines started in the 1950s introducing the possibility to vaccinate millions of animals. In the meantime veterinary vaccines and mass vaccination became a necessary prerequisite for a modern livestock industry. Nearly all current veterinary vaccines worldwide are conventional vaccines, killed or modified live vaccines. Until now, the only animal infection eradicated by vaccination is rinderpest, and for numerous pathogens no effective and safe vaccine is available. There is an undisputed urgent need to develop novel vaccination strategies with improved efficacy. Not only are veterinary vaccines a basis of an intensive livestock industry but also protect human health by preventing spread of zoonotic animal infections. They also protect consumers from associated risks such as the increase in antibiotic resistant pathogens, and consumption of pharmaceutical contaminates in food products. DNA vaccines attracted attention in veterinary medicine as they harbor many advantages. Studies can be performed directly in the species of interest rather than using mouse models. Vaccine production is easy and flexible under good laboratory practice (GLP) guidelines. Furthermore, the features of gene vaccines enable humoral as well as cellular immune responses and vaccine cocktails containing genetic material from several pathogens can be employed. The range of application includes non-infectious diseases, such as allergy and cancer as well as fertility control. Additionally, gene vaccines are highly stable and no cold chain is required thus extending the field of application (wildlife animals, third world), and finally, gene vaccines are cheap and competitive products compared to conventional vaccines. In this chapter the current status of gene vaccines licensed for veterinary used is summarized. These include the West Nile virus DNA vaccine for horses, a fish DNA
M. Giese Institute for Molecular Vaccines (IMV) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] J. Thalhamer et al. (eds.), Gene Vaccines, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-0439-2_13, © Springer-Verlag/Wien, 2012
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vaccine against the Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis virus, and the Canine Malignant Melanoma vaccine (ONCEPT™). Additionally, a vaccine against the Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV-THERA-VAC) used in clinical studies is discussed. Together these examples emphasize the broad applicability and clinical efficacy of the gene vaccine technology which will pave the way for future application in humans.
Cowpox Virus from Cattle Was the First Human Vaccine The success story of vaccination started in 1798 with Edward Jenner immunizing a child by using bovine cowpox to induce protection against human smallpox. At this time, neither the immune system nor its functions were discovered, thus Jenner did not know anything about cross reactions and the relationship between animal and human viruses. It was also Jenner, who called his approach ‘vaccination’ from the Latin term ‘vacca,’ meaning c
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