Aquaporins in the Kidney
The kidneys are the major determinants of body water and electrolyte composition. Thus, comprehending the mechanisms of water transport is essential to understanding mammalian kidney physiology and water balance. Because of its importance to human health,
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expression and Function of Aquaporins in the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vasopressin Regulation of Kidney Aquaporins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Exocytosis and Endocytosis of AQP2: Role of Phosphorylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Other Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in Vasopressin Regulation of AQP2 Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Dysregulation of Renal Aquaporins in Water Balance Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Urinary Concentrating Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Acquired Forms of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Lithium-Induced NDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Electrolytes Abnormality (Hypokalemia and Hypercalcemia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Ureteral Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Acute and Chronic Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Conditions Associated with Water Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Congestive Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Hepatic Cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Experimental Nephrotic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 SIADH and Vasopressin Escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 Introduction The kidneys are the major determinants of body water and electrolyte composition. Thus, comprehending the mechanisms of water transport is essential to understanding mammalian kidney physiology and water balance. Because of its importance J. Frøkiær (¬) Water and Salt Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark [email protected] ∗
This chapter is an update of previous detailed reviews (Nielsen et al. 2002, 2007, 2008b, c; Rojek et al. 2008). E. Beitz (ed.), Aquaporins, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 190,
c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
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T.-H. Kwon et al.
to human health, water permeability has been particularly well characterized in the mammalian kidney (Knepper and Burg 1983). Appro
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