Are maternal and reciprocal effects important in breeding the inter-specific hybrid between Acacia auriculiformis and A.
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Are maternal and reciprocal effects important in breeding the inter-specific hybrid between Acacia auriculiformis and A. mangium? Nghiem Quynh Chi . Chris Harwood Do Huu Son . Ngo Van Chinh
. Rod Griffin . Jane Harbard .
Received: 5 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 October 2020 Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Controlled pollination (CP) was used to produce four reciprocal crosses of the interspecific hybrid between Acacia auriculiformis and A. mangium, and one additional reciprocal cross within each parental species. There were no reciprocal effects on seed yield index (filled seeds per 100 flowers pollinated) and germination success for filled seeds. The CP families, together with four additional CP hybrid families, one open-pollinated (OP) family from seed orchards of each parental species and a commercial Acacia hybrid (A. mangium 9 A. auriculiformis) clone were planted in a field trial in central Vietnam. Forty months after planting the pure-species A. mangium families, with diameter at breast height (DBH), averaging 10.8 cm, grew faster than those of A. auriculiformis (mean 8.5 cm). Nursery gate survival and mean height and diameter at breast height at 40 months of the interspecific hybrid families were not affected by crossing direction. The mean height and DBH of all hybrid families was close to the midpoint of the two parental species. Inheritance of phyllode length and breadth was non-additive; N. Q. Chi D. H. Son N. Van Chinh Institute for Forest Tree Improvement and Biotechnology, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Duc Thang, North Tu Liem, Hanoi 101000, Vietnam C. Harwood (&) R. Griffin J. Harbard School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia e-mail: [email protected]
interspecific hybrid families had phyllode length and width much closer to that of A. auriculiformis than to A. mangium, however there was no consistent reciprocal effect for these traits. It is concluded that, at least for the test environment under study, crossing direction is not likely to be of practical importance in hybrid breeding of these species. Keywords Reciprocal effects Maternal effects Acacia breeding Seed production Growth Phyllode morphology
Introduction Maternal effects have been widely reported in plants (Roach and Wulff 1987) and may influence offspring vigour and fitness (Mousseau and Fox 1998). These may be either genetically or environmentally based (Lopez et al. 2003). Genetic effects may be due to the greater maternal nuclear contribution to the endosperm, nuclear maternal effects such as those influenced by seed coat and integument genes, or extranuclear effects such as those derived from the chloroplast or mitochondrial genome. The expression of non-nuclear genes is complex, the phenotypic impact of variation in plasmotypes being the outcome of multi-level nucleotype–plasmotype–environment interactions (Flood et al. 2020).
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Maternal effects are signalled when effect
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