Aronia melanocarpa Ameliorates Adrenal Cytoarchitecture Against the Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Injury
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Aronia melanocarpa Ameliorates Adrenal Cytoarchitecture Against the Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Injury Jelena Savici 1 & Romeo Teodor Cristina 2 Florin Muselin 6
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& Diana Brezovan & Isidora Radulov & Cornel Balta & Oana Maria Boldura &
Received: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Hexavalent chromium is a toxin that penetrates the cell, triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Aronia melanocarpa, due to its proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, and phenolic acid contents, is a valuable antioxidant. The aim was to observe the influence of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) on the adrenal gland, and if this impact can be recovered by the administration of A. melanocarpa. Accordingly, 36 rats were divided into six groups: control; Aronia; Cr receiving Cr(VI) in distilled water for 3 months; CrA receiving a mix of Cr(VI) and A. melanocarpa at 2.5% aqueous extract for 3 months; Cr2 receiving, for 3 months, Cr(VI) in distilled water, and next, for 1 month, only distilled water; and respectively, CrA2 receiving, for 3 months, Cr(VI) in distilled water, followed by 1 month of Aronia at 2.5% extract administration. The adrenal gland samples were examined toward histological and molecular assessment, and results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA). Hexavalent chromium induced changes in the adrenal cortex expressed by focal or diffuse hypertrophies, cytoplasmic vacuolization (due to lipidic accumulation), and cells’ shape and size alteration, including necrosis. These structural alterations were carried by Bax and Bcl2 gene expression: the Bax gene expression levels, increased significantly (p < 0.001) in all experimental groups, except the Aronia group, compared with control. In the Cr2, CrA, and CrA2 groups, notable reduction of Bax gene expression (p < 0.001) was reported compared with the Cr group. Regarding the Bcl2 gene expression (p < 0.001), a significant increase was observed in the experimental groups, compared with the control. The Bcl2 expression level had a similar pattern to Bax gene, consequently trying to compensate its overexpression. Aronia administered concomitantly, or after Cr(VI), diminished structural changes and expression of the studied genes, thus reducing the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and suggesting that the active ingredients from Aronia are capable of blocking apoptotic cascade induced by the pathway of Bax and Bcl2 proteins. Keywords Adrenal gland . Hexavalent chromium . Aronia melanocarpa . Bax/Bcl2 genes . Cytoarchitecture
Introduction Due to its anthropogenic factor, chromium is considered an environmental pollutant [1]. Hexavalent chromium is
* Romeo Teodor Cristina [email protected]; [email protected] 1
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Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Cell biology, Banat University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara (BUAVM), Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacoogy and Pharmacy, Banat University of Agriculture and Vete
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