Phosphatases: The Critical Regulator of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Adverse climatic conditions, changes in various weather parameters like erratic rainfall, and severe anthropological interventions are the principal forces behind the occurrence of various abiotic stresses like salinity, drought, cold, and heavy metals. T
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Phosphatases: The Critical Regulator of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants Sripati Abhiram Sahoo, Rishiraj Raghuvanshi, Ashish Kumar Srivastava, and Penna Suprasanna
10.1 Introduction The major challenge for plant biologists in the twenty-first century is to sustain food security for growing population under the changing climatic conditions and increasing episodes of different abiotic stresses like salinity, drought, cold, submergence, and heavy metal toxicity. These abiotic stresses decrease the fertile agricultural yield and hence reduce crop productivity (Pandey et al. 2016; Zhu 2016). During the course of evolution, plants have evolved mechanisms to adapt under stress conditions. The perception of stress initiates a series of steps which leads to the expression of stress-responsive transcription factors and finally the downstream effector genes. The process by which plant cells sense stress signals and transmit them to activate adaptive responses is referred as “signal transduction” (Xiong and Zhu 2001). These signal transduction pathways are highly coordinated, and under stress conditions, they activate multiple genes/proteins/metabolites, which together functions to restore homeostasis at cellular [HSPs (heat shock proteins), LEA (late- embryogenic abundant)], hormonal [ABA (abscisic acid), GA (gibberellic acid), IAA (indoleacetic acid)], and redox [APX (ascorbate peroxidase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase)], osmotic (proline), and ionic (NHX and HKT) levels (Fig. 10.1).
S. A. Sahoo · R. Raghuvanshi Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India A. K. Srivastava (*) · P. Suprasanna (*) Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 G. K. Pandey (ed.), Protein Phosphatases and Stress Management in Plants, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48733-1_10
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Fig. 10.1 Schematic representation of the Mechanism of stress tolerance in plants. In plants, stress is perceived through coordinated action of kinases and phosphatases. This in turn activates transcription factors, which upregulate the expression of stress-responsive genes (SRGs). SRGs function to restore the homeostasis at multiple levels including cellular, redox, hormones, ionic, and osmotic. Abbreviations: AREB/ABF ABA-Responsive Element Binding factor/ABA response element Binding Factor, NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC) [NAM No Apical Meristem, ATAF Arabidopsis Transcription Activation Factor, CUC CUp shaped Cotyledon], CBF/DREB C-repeat- Binding Factor/Dehydration Responsive Element-Binding factor, MYC/MYB Myelocytomatosis oncogene/Myeloblastosis oncogene, SOS Salt Overly Sensitive, NHX Sodium Hydrogen exchanger, HKT High-affinity K+ Transporter, BADH Betaine-Aldehyde DeHydrogenase, TPP Trehalose 6-Phosphate Phosphatase, TPS Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase, PDH Proline DeHydrogena
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