Assessing the Attitude Towards Artificial Intelligence: Introduction of a Short Measure in German, Chinese, and English
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Assessing the Attitude Towards Artificial Intelligence: Introduction of a Short Measure in German, Chinese, and English Language Cornelia Sindermann1 · Peng Sha2 · Min Zhou3 · Jennifer Wernicke1 · Helena S. Schmitt1 · Mei Li4 · Rayna Sariyska1 · Maria Stavrou5 · Benjamin Becker6 · Christian Montag1,6 Received: 30 October 2019 / Accepted: 26 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In the context of (digital) human–machine interaction, people are increasingly dealing with artificial intelligence in everyday life. Through this, we observe humans who embrace technological advances with a positive attitude. Others, however, are particularly sceptical and claim to foresee substantial problems arising from such uses of technology. The aim of the present study was to introduce a short measure to assess the Attitude Towards Artificial Intelligence (ATAI scale) in the German, Chinese, and English languages. Participants from Germany (N = 461; 345 females), China (N = 413; 145 females), and the UK (N = 84; 65 females) completed the ATAI scale, for which the factorial structure was tested and compared between the samples. Participants from Germany and China were additionally asked about their willingness to interact with/use self-driving cars, Siri, Alexa, the social robot Pepper, and the humanoid robot Erica, which are representatives of popular artificial intelligence products. The results showed that the five-item ATAI scale comprises two negatively associated factors assessing (1) acceptance and (2) fear of artificial intelligence. The factor structure was found to be similar across the German, Chinese, and UK samples. Additionally, the ATAI scale was validated, as the items on the willingness to use specific artificial intelligence products were positively associated with the ATAI Acceptance scale and negatively with the ATAI Fear scale, in both the German and Chinese samples. In conclusion we introduce a short, reliable, and valid measure on the attitude towards artificial intelligence in German, Chinese, and English language. Keywords Artificial Intelligence · ATAI · German · Chinese · English · ATAI scale · Attitude Towards Artificial Intelligence
1 Introduction Recent years have seen tremendous developments in products of technologies within artificial intelligence (AI). While some people appear to be open towards the rise of AI
products in everyday life and appreciate the advantages, others seem sceptical and concerned about the emerging impact of AI products. Introducing a short and valid measure to assess individual differences in such attitudes was the aim of the present study to enable future research on human–AI interaction.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-020-00689-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Cornelia Sindermann cornelia.sindermann@uni‑ulm.de * Christian Montag christian.montag@uni‑ulm.de 1
2
Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology an
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