Assessment of altered binding specificity of bacteriophage for ciprofloxacin-induced antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Typ
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessment of altered binding specificity of bacteriophage for ciprofloxacin‑induced antibiotic‑resistant Salmonella Typhimurium Jeongjin Kim1 · Ara Jo1 · Tian Ding2 · Hyeon‑Yong Lee3 · Juhee Ahn1
Received: 8 January 2016 / Revised: 21 February 2016 / Accepted: 8 March 2016 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Abstract This study describes a new effort toward understanding the interaction mechanisms between antibioticresistant Salmonella Typhimurium and phages. The antibiotic susceptibility, β-lactamase activity, bacterial motility, gene expression, and lytic activity were evaluated in ciprofloxacin-induced antibiotic-sensitive Salmonella Typhimurium (ASSTCIP) and ciprofloxacin-induced antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium (ARSTCIP), which were compared to the wild-type strains (ASSTWT and ARSTWT). The MIC values of ampicillin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were significantly increased to > 512, 16, 16, and 256 μg/ ml, respectively, in the ARSTCIP. The lowest and highest extracellular lactamase activities were observed in ASSTWT (6.85 μmol/min/ml) and ARSTCIP (48.83 μmol/min/ml), respectively. The acrA, lpfE, and hilA genes were significantly upregulated by more than tenfold in both ASSTCIP and ARSTCIP. The induction of multiple antibiotic resistance resulted from the increased efflux pump activity (AcrABTolC). The highest phage adsorption rates were more than 95 % for ASSTWT, ASSTCIP, and ARSTWT, while the lowest Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Jeongjin Kim and Ara Jo have contributed equally to this work. * Juhee Ahn [email protected] 1
Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering and Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‑Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
3
School of Convergence Bioscience and Technology, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28674, Republic of Korea
adsorption rate was 52 % for ARSTCIP at 15 min of infection. The least lytic activity of phage was 20 % against the ARSTCIP, followed by ASSTCIP (30 %). The adsorption rate of phage against ARSTCIP was 52 % at 15 min of infection, which resulted in the decrease in lytic activity (12 %). Understanding the interaction of phage and bacteria is essential for the practical application of phage to control and detect antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The results provide useful information for understanding the binding specificity of phages for multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Keywords Salmonella · Bacteriophage · Antibiotic resistance · Ciprofloxacin · Lactamase · Lytic activity · Efflux pump
Introduction Over the past few decades, the emergence of antibioticresistant bacteria has rapidly increased due to the chemotherapeutic misuse and overuse. The repeated exposure to antibiotics has led to the development of multiple resistance and cross-resistance in pathogenic bacteria, which can cause serious c
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