Assessment of groundwater quality in the Bokoya Massif (Central Rif, Northern Morocco) using several analytical techniqu
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(2021) 6:9
ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessment of groundwater quality in the Bokoya Massif (Central Rif, Northern Morocco) using several analytical techniques Mohamed Bouaissa1 · Mohammad Ghalit1 · Jean Denis Taupin2 · Jamal El Khattabi3 · Elkhadir Gharibi1 Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Since ancient times, groundwater exploitation has been the ideal and least expensive means of stabilizing populations and avoiding migratory flows, especially in rural and arid areas. However, the uncontrolled extraction and use of groundwater can lead to contamination by natural processes or human activities. In this work, we studied the quality of groundwater sources in the Bokoya Massif, Morocco. During April 2018, a total of 96 water samples were taken from 81 wells and 15 springs distributed across the entire massif. Various physicochemical analyses of the samples were performed, including analyses of EC, TDS, HCO3−, SO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, PO43−, NO3−, NO2−, NH4+, and Cl−. These analyses showed that the water samples were neutral to slightly basic and strongly mineralized. From a potability perspective, the main issues with the studied groundwater sources were their hardness (98% of the water samples were hard or very hard) and their high nitrate concentrations (36% of the samples exceeded the nitrate limit specified by the World Health Organization). The nitrate concentrations were higher in the samples taken in urbanized areas. In terms of their suitability for irrigation, only 41 of the samples (42.7%) presented water quality ranging from excellent to permissible according to the Wilcox classification. In addition to this quality problem, the flow from each source decreased by an average of of 73% during the dry period, with 24 of the water sources drying up completely. Keywords Groundwater · Quality · Drought · Rif · Morocco
Introduction The Bokoya Massif is a well-defined mountain range in the north-central part of the Rif region of Northern Morocco. It is about 40 km long and around 10 km wide, and extends between the town of Al Hoceima in the east and the village Communicated by Armando da Costa Duarte, Chief Editor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-020-00208-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Elkhadir Gharibi [email protected] 1
Solid Mineral Chemistry, Applied Chemistry and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
2
Hydrosciences, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France
3
Civil Engineering and Geo‑Environment Laboratory (LGCgE), Lille University, Lille, France
of Torres in the west. Its altitude varies between 500 and 700 m (Margaa and Abdelgader 1998). The Bokoya Massif is the driest part of the Rifain coast, although this aridity is offset by frequent fogs and mists and the high humidity of the coastal air (Deil and Hammoumi 1997). Th
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