Distinguishing Groundwater Flow Paths in Fractured Rock Aquifers Formed Under Tectonic Stress Using Geophysical Techniqu
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RESEARCH PAPER
Distinguishing Groundwater Flow Paths in Fractured Rock Aquifers Formed Under Tectonic Stress Using Geophysical Techniques: Cankurtaran Basin, Denizli, Turkey Mohamed Salem Oudeika1 · Elif Meriç İlkimen1 · Suat Taşdelen1 · Ali Aydin2 Received: 13 April 2020 / Revised: 5 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © University of Tehran 2020
Abstract Gökpınar spring is one of the most important drinking water resources of Denizli city (Turkey), covering more than one third of the water need of the municipality. In this paper, we present a combination of geophysical methods in order to define the groundwater flow paths in Gökpınar spring region. The spring of Gökpınar is a result of the Fault-fracture network formed during the tectonic events which took place in the study area. This fault and fracture system present in the Gökpınar spring zone are characterized by the Cankurtaran fault in the east and Babadağ fault in the south. To highlight the main directions of the groundwater flows feeding Gökpınar spring, an electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey was carried out in the study area. The results obtained from this survey have been confirmed by a frequency domain electromagnetic (FEM) survey carried out along four profiles in addition to four ground penetrating radar profiles (GPR) profiles. The comparison of the two auxiliary methods with the ERT profiles allowed a better understanding of the groundwater movements. The ERT data was collected along six profiles corresponding to Wenner–Schlumberger array and located predominantly in the southern and eastern parts of the spring surrounding area. In order to confirm the hypothesis from the interpretation of the ERT profiles, two simplified different scenarios were numerically and experimentally considered. The results of the combined methods have ultimately led to define the main direction of groundwater flows feeding the Gökpınar spring, which is related to four factors: The Fault-Fracture network, karstic features, the topography, and deep groundwater. Article Highlights • Efficiency of the combined geophysical methods in groundwater flow determination. • Groundwater flow direction was found to be related to the Fault-fracture network in the study area. • Numerical and analog models were representative of the field results.
Keywords Electrical resistivity tomography · GPR · Electromagnetic · Groundwater · Water table
* Mohamed Salem Oudeika [email protected] Elif Meriç İlkimen [email protected] Suat Taşdelen [email protected] Ali Aydin [email protected] 1
Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
Department of Geophysical Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
2
Introduction The study area is located in one of the most active seismic regions of Turkey, which was affected by multiple tectonic phases. Tectonic structures are the most important factors affecting the distribution and flow of groundwater (Rajabpour et al. 2016). The Gökpınar spring is delimitated by Cankurtaran faul
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