Assessment of health and ecological risks of heavy metal contamination: a case study of agricultural soils in Thall, Dir
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Assessment of health and ecological risks of heavy metal contamination: a case study of agricultural soils in Thall, Dir-Kohistan Irshad Ullah & Allah Ditta & Muhammad Imtiaz & Sajid Mehmood & Muhammad Rizwan & Muhammad Shahid Rizwan & Amin Ullah Jan & Iftikhar Ahmad
Received: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Heavy metal (HM) contamination in agricultural soils has been a significant health concern worldwide due to their persistent and non-biodegradable nature and biomagnification to higher trophic levels. The present study was conducted to assess Cd and Pb concentrations in soil samples collected from potatogrowing areas in Thall, Dir-Kohistan, and to determine
their associated health and ecological risks. The contamination factor calculated for Cd (0 to 1.74) and Pb (0 to 0.91) showed their moderate to low contamination in the study area. Geo-accumulation indices of Cd and Pb were less than 1, indicating moderate soil pollution of these HM in the study area. However, the ecological risk factor (Eri) of Cd was greater than 40 for only three soil
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007 /s10661-020-08722-3. I. Ullah : A. Ditta (*) Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (Upper), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] A. Ditta School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia M. Imtiaz Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan S. Mehmood Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
S. Mehmood School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China S. Mehmood : M. Rizwan College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 Hubei, People’s Republic of China M. S. Rizwan Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan A. U. Jan Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000, Pakistan I. Ahmad Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari-Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan I. Ahmad Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by Ministry of Agriculture of China, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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samples, indicating the moderate potential of ecological risks of respective soils. The principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation suggested that the contamination in different soils was lithogenic followed by anthropogenic activities. The hazard quotient (HQ) in children and adults was found in the following or
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