Exposure to heavy metal contamination and probabilistic health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation: a study in
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Exposure to heavy metal contamination and probabilistic health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation: a study in the Southeast Iran Babak Djahed 1 & Majid Kermani 2,3 & Mahdi Farzadkia 2,3 & Mahmoud Taghavi 4 & Samira Norzaee 2,3 Received: 29 January 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The rice contamination to heavy metals and its associated health risks have been less addressed in the southeast of Iran. In the present study, in the mentioned region, we assessed the concentration of nine elements in rice, and the health risk related to the measured elements was determined using the data which were gathered by a questionnaire. For this purpose, 36 samples of the 12 most widely consumed rice brands were collected. Using ICP-MS, the concentrations of Ni, Cr, Hg, Sr, Mn, Fe, Se, Ba, and Zn were measured in the studied samples as 0.599 ± 0.124, 0.483 ± 0.28, 0.0157 ± 0.005, 0.85 ± 1.307, 11.5 ± 1.97, 178.46 ± 67.27, 0.212 ± 0.083, 0.845 ± 0.62, and 8.416 ± 1.611 mg/kg, respectively. We found that, regarding the other studies, the levels of Ni, Cr, Hg, Fe, and Ba were higher. Besides, using 258 distributed questionnaires among citizens, the daily rice consumption was determined to be 295.66 ± 171.005 g/person/ day. Based on this consumption rate and Monto Carlo uncertainty simulation, Fe (0.741 ± 0.54 mg/kg/day) and Se (8.95E-04 ± 6.33E-04 mg/kg/day) showed the highest and lowest daily intake, respectively. Also, using Hazard Quotient (HQ), the non-carcinogenic risk effects of the surveyed elements were estimated. The obtained results of HQ revealed that Fe (2.48) and Mn (1.06) could pose non-carcinogenic health risks to consumers. Moreover, the calculated hazard Index showed that the overall health risk of the surveyed elements is in an unsafe range. Keywords Heavy metal . Risk assessment . Rice . Iran
Introduction Nowadays, a huge consideration goes to these contaminants because they are toxic and non-biodegradable and have a persist nature which severely threaten the health of human beings and the other creatures [1]. Also, food contamination to these elements is a worldwide problem [2]. It has been found that application of untreated wastewaters, pesticide use, sewage sludge, manure, and organic composts in farmlands are among * Samira Norzaee [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
2
Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
the primary sources of introducing heavy metals and the other elements into the farmland products [3]. Some metals and metalloids such as Zn, Mo, and Se are indispensable in biological systems, but most of these elemen
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