Assessment of the heavy metal contamination using GIS-based approach and pollution indices in agricultural soils from Be
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessment of the heavy metal contamination using GIS-based approach and pollution indices in agricultural soils from Beni Amir irrigated perimeter, Tadla plain, Morocco Hakima Oumenskou 1 & Mohamed El Baghdadi 1 & Ahmed Barakat 1 & Mohamed Aquit 2 & Widad Ennaji 1 & Lalla Aicha Karroum 1 & Mohamed Aadraoui 1 Received: 2 November 2017 / Accepted: 19 October 2018 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2018
Abstract In agricultural soils, the contamination of heavy metals has become a major source of soil pollution in the world because of intensive agriculture practices. This paper aimed to assess the heavy metal contamination in the Beni Amir irrigated perimeter in Tadla plain, Morocco, using various geoaccumulation index and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Forty seven subsurface agricultural soil samples were analyzed for Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Cd contents. The results revealed that soils were contaminated by metals having concentrations (Zn: 294.7 mg/kg, Cr: 57.0 mg/kg, Pb: 33.3 mg/kg, Cu: 25.9 mg/kg, and Cd: 1.8 mg/kg) exceeding the WHO and FAO limits. Moreover, the highest metal contents were noticed around industrial areas and agglomerations. In our study area, the geoaccumulation indexes (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factors (CF), and Load Pollution Index (PLI) are confirmed the anthropogenic sources of heavy metals. The spatial pattern for Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb revealed that the contamination are related to the land use and to the influence of anthropogenic pollution and soil properties such as soil pH, organic matter, and clay mineralogy. Keywords Plain Tadla . Agricultural soils . Heavy metals . Pollution indices . GIS . Spatial interpolation method . Anthropogenic pollution
Introduction Soil is a major constituent of the earth ecosystem serving various vital functions in our environment. The growth in intensive agriculture could increase over time the anthropogenic effects on this natural resource, including the degradation of soil quality and its biological activity, due to increased uses of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, manure application, and wastewater irrigation (Zawadzka and Łukowski 2010; Marrugo-Negrete et al. 2017). The pollution of land by heavy metal accumulation has become a serious
* Hakima Oumenskou [email protected] 1
Georessources and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan My Slimane University Beni Mellal, Beni Mellal, Morocco
2
OCP SA Laayoune, Laayoune, Morocco
global issue, this subject attract great attention in recent years because of its potential threat to food safety and consequently the potential human health impacts by food chain (e.g., Babula et al. 2008; Harmanescu et al. 2011; Lu et al. 2012; Zheng et al. 2013; Esmaeili et al. 2014; Shi et al. 2016, Hou et al. 2017; Hou and Li 2017). Polluted soils provide a store for contaminants to be taken up by plants and organisms, leached in to groundwater or transported to other areas (Järup 2003). However, the leachability and mobility of heavy metals in
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