Assessment of human-induced environmental disaster in the Aral Sea using Landsat satellite images
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Assessment of human‑induced environmental disaster in the Aral Sea using Landsat satellite images Sayed Ishaq Deliry1 · Zehra Yiğit Avdan2 · Nghi Tan Do1 · Uğur Avdan3 Received: 25 April 2020 / Accepted: 19 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world before 1960. Reduction of water resources and the growth of water intake and reservoirs in the source rivers have severely desiccated the Aral Sea. This study aimed to model the spatiotemporal and surface temperature changes of the Aral Sea in the period 1986–2017 using the Landsat multi-temporal satellite data and remote sensing techniques. Since the desiccation period was accompanied by climate change, hydrological data of source rivers, as well as climate data were collected from meteorological stations near the Aral Sea, to study the causes of changes. To achieve the research objectives, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) was selected among the other indices to extract and quantify the water area changes. Land and water surface temperature values were calculated using the thermal bands to examine the surface temperature change, which has rarely been discussed in the literature. The results revealed a significant decrease in the Aral Sea surface area (~ 78%) and a considerable increase in the land surface summertime temperature (~ 12 °C). The statistical results showed that the Aral Sea water extent decreased from 44,164 km2 in 1986 to 9772 km2 in 2017. Keywords Aral Sea · Change detection · Land surface temperature · LST · NDWI · Water surface extraction
Introduction Before 1960, the Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world in terms of area (Cretaux et al. 2019; Micklin 1988). Its basin covers 1.5 million square kilometers, which supports a population of over 60 million people within six nations in Central Asia (Harriman 2014). The Aral Sea is * Sayed Ishaq Deliry [email protected] Zehra Yiğit Avdan [email protected] Nghi Tan Do [email protected] Uğur Avdan [email protected] 1
Department of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, Graduate School of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, 26555 Eskisehir, Turkey
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, 26555 Eskisehir, Turkey
3
Institute of Earth and Space Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, 26555 Eskisehir, Turkey
an endorheic lake, which is fed by two main rivers, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya; in the Turkic language of Central Asia, Darya means river. Diversion of water sources in Central Asia for irrigation purposes has caused the Aral Sea to decrease significantly over the past 5 decades (Cretaux et al. 2019; Destouni et al. 2010; Harriman 2014; Micklin 2007). This has led to the gradual desiccation of the sea and its separation into several smaller lakes, which has caused many environmental, economic, and social problems (Harriman 2014; Jin et al. 2017). Shrinking of the Aral Sea i
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