Association between coffee consumption and total dietary caffeine intake with cognitive functioning: cross-sectional ass
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Association between coffee consumption and total dietary caffeine intake with cognitive functioning: cross‑sectional assessment in an elderly Mediterranean population Indira Paz‑Graniel1,2,3 · Nancy Babio1,2,3 · Nerea Becerra‑Tomás1,2,3,4 · Estefania Toledo3,5 · Lucia Camacho‑Barcia1,2,3 · Dolores Corella3,6 · Olga Castañer‑Niño3,7 · Dora Romaguera3,7 · Jesús Vioque9,10 · Ángel M. Alonso‑Gómez3,11 · Julia Wärnberg3,12 · J. Alfredo Martínez3,13,14 · Luís Serra‑Majem3,15 · Ramon Estruch3,16 · Francisco J. Tinahones3,17 · Fernando Fernandez‑Aranda3,18 · José Lapetra3,19 · Xavier Pintó3,20 · Josep A. Tur3,8,21 · Antonio García‑Rios3,22 · Aurora Bueno‑Cavanillas11,23 · José J. Gaforio9,24 · Pilar Matía‑Martín25 · Lidia Daimiel26 · Vicente Martín Sánchez3,27 · Josep Vidal28,29 · Lucía Prieto‑Sanchez30 · Emilio Ros3,31 · Cristina Razquin3,5 · Cristina Mestres32,33 · José V. Sorli3,6 · Aida M. Cuenca‑Royo3,34 · Angel Rios8 · Laura Torres‑Collado9,10 · Jessica Vaquero‑Luna3,11 · Napoleon Pérez‑Farinós3,35 · M. Angeles Zulet3,13,36 · Almudena Sanchez‑Villegas3,15 · Rosa Casas3,16 · M Rosa Bernal‑Lopez3,37 · José Manuel Santos‑Lozano3,19 · Xavier Corbella20,38 · David Mateos3,9,21 · Pilar Buil‑Cosiales3,5 · Susana Jiménez‑Murcia3,18 · Rebeca Fernandez‑Carrion3,6 · Laura Forcano‑Gamazo3,34 · Meritxell López8 · Miguel Ángel Sempere‑Pascual39 · Anai Moreno‑Rodriguez3,11 · Alfredo Gea3,5 · Rafael de la Torre‑Fornell3,34 · Jordi Salas‑Salvadó1,2,3,40 on behalf of the PREDIMED-Plus Investigators Received: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose Coffee is rich in compounds such as polyphenols, caffeine, diterpenes, melanoidins and trigonelline, which can stimulate brain activity. Therefore, the possible association of coffee consumption with cognition is of considerable research interest. In this paper, we assess the association of coffee consumption and total dietary caffeine intake with the risk of poor cognitive functioning in a population of elderly overweight/obese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods PREDIMED-plus study participants who completed the Mini-Mental State Examination test (MMSE) (n = 6427; mean age = 65 ± 5 years) or a battery of neuropsychological tests were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Coffee consumption and total dietary caffeine intake were assessed at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the association between total, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption or total dietary caffeine intake and cognitive impairment. Results Total coffee consumers and caffeinated coffee consumers had better cognitive functioning than non-consumers when measured by the MMSE and after adjusting for potential confounders (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.44–0.90 and OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.38–0.83, respectively). Results were similar when cognitive performance was measured using the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and Trail Making Test B (TMT-B). These associa
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