Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Chronic Stable Angina: A Case Control Study
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Chronic Stable Angina: A Case Control Study Eman Raslan1 · Saeed S. Abduljalil Soliman1 · Zeinab A. Nour1 · Dalia Ahmed1 · Nagwa Eid Sobhy Saad1 Received: 17 October 2018 / Accepted: 10 December 2018 © Italian Society of Hypertension 2018
Abstract Introduction Coronary heart disease is a major cause of death worldwide. Although the relationship between vitamin D status and cardiovascular diseases is not clearly understood, vitamin D deficiency could be a potentially modifiable and underestimated risk factor for ischemic heart diseases. This study aims to assess and compare vitamin D status between patient group with chronic stable angina and matched control group. Methods A case-control study was conducted on chronic stable angina patients and matched controls attending family medicine/internal medicine clinics at Cairo University Hospitals. Forty two adult patients with chronic stable angina and forty two matched controls were studied. Detailed medical history, examination, and laboratory tests (vitamin D, fasting lipid profile, and blood sugar) were collected from study participants of both groups. Results Severe vitamin D deficiency was found in 78.6% and 7.1% of cases and controls, respectively. Vitamin D level was found to be a significant predictor of chronic stable angina. Every unit (ng/ml) increase in vitamin D level decreases the chance of the subject to have chronic stable angina by 0.30 times. Conclusion There is a significant association between vitamin D deficiency and the occurrence of chronic stable angina. Keywords Vitamin D · Angina · Ischemic heart disease · Coronary artery disease
1 Introduction Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble vitamins with classic actions of regulating mineral ion homeostasis and bone metabolism [1]. However, after the discovery of the fact that the vitamin D receptors (VDR) are expressed in most of the body tissues, other roles of vitamin D beyond its established role in the maintenance of bone health and serum calcium levels have been explored. This leads to finding that vitamin D has several important homeostatic functions not related to calcium homeostasis [2]. Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic. The main cause of vitamin D deficiency is the lack of knowledge that sun exposure is the major source of vitamin D for most humans. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and foods that are fortified with vitamin D are often inadequate to satisfy vitamin D requirements [3].
* Saeed S. Abduljalil Soliman [email protected] 1
Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency include: old age, dark skin, obesity, smoking, kidney or liver disorders, diseases affecting fat absorption, and bariatric surgeries [4]. A circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of more than 75 mmol/L, or 30 ng/mL is required to maximize vitamin D’s beneficial effects for health [3]. Vitamin D insufficiency is defined as 20–30 ng/mL and vitamin D deficiency is d
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