Vitamin D deficiency among patients with COVID-19: case series and recent literature review
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Tropical Medicine and Health
RESEARCH
Open Access
Vitamin D deficiency among patients with COVID-19: case series and recent literature review Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon1,2*, Angela1
and Andryawan Wahyu Pradana1
Abstract Background: The world is now challenging the pandemic of COVID-19 infection. This is the third and most extensive pandemic. Previous studies showed the plausibility of vitamin D prophylaxis and therapy for COVID-19, particularly in settings where hypovitaminosis D is frequent. Recent study from Indonesian showed that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 23.0%. The examination of vitamin D status is not a routine in the Indonesian clinical setting. Methods: This study is a case series from confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta Indonesia. The data of clinical symptoms, signs and laboratory examinations were obtained from the electronic medical records. The vitamin D status was measured by Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) method. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for studies that included terms for Vitamin D and COVID-19. Results: The data were obtained from 10 participants consisting of 50% male and 50% female. The mean age was 49.6 years. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this study was 90% (vitamin D levels < 20 ng/mL) and 10% of insufficiency (vitamin D levels < 30 ng/mL). Patients in this study had various symptoms such as fatigue (60%), fever (50%), dry cough (40%), non-specific headache (10%), and diarrhea (10%); have no symptoms (20%); and also had the various chronic diseases as comorbidity such as hypertension (40%), diabetes (10%), COPD (10%), and post stroke (10%). Conclusions: All of the COVID-19 patients in this study had hypovitaminosis D. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this case series is 90% and only 1 patient (10%) had vitamin D insufficiency. There are many health benefits of vitamin D and very few adverse effects. Randomized controlled trials need to determine and evaluate this recommendation in preventing or treating COVID-19. Clinicians should continue to treat people with vitamin D deficiency especially in managing COVID-19 patients. Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus, Vitamin D, Vitamin D deficiency, Low vitamin D
Background The world is now challenging the pandemic of coronavirus (CoV) infections, the disease called COVID-19. A new CoV infection epidemic began in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 [1]. This is the third and most extensive * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Duta Wacana Christian University School of Medicine, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo street number 5-25, Yogyakarta 55224, Indonesia 2 Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta, Jendral Sudirman street number 70, Yogyakarta 55224, Indonesia
pandemic after the first severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, which started in China in 2002 [2]. The second epidemic from coronavirus was the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV in the Middle East, first reported in 2012 [3]. The data from the Indonesian task force for COVID19 on 16 June 2020 showed that there were 40,400
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