Associations between Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Attachment Patterns in Preschool-Aged Children: Systematic Review
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COMORBIDITIES (DM DEWEY, SECTION EDITOR)
Associations between Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Attachment Patterns in Preschool-Aged Children: Systematic Review A. Potter-Dickey 1,2
&
N. Letourneau 2,3,4 & A. P. J. de Koning 5
Accepted: 25 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Attachment is a biological evolutionary system contributing to infant survival. In neurotypical children, secure attachment is critical to healthy brain and organ-system development. Attachment patterns in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have not been extensively explored. The purpose of this review is to appraise and summarize the literature examining attachment in children with NDDs. Recent Findings Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID) or developmental language disorder (DLD) displayed behavior indicative of secure attachments. Approximately 42–50% of children with NDDs were deemed securely attached compared with 62% in neurotypical children. Factors influencing attachment patterns were autistic symptoms, developmental level, maternal sensitivity, and maternal insightfulness/resolve. Summary Many children with NDDs can form secure attachments; however, this is based on limited data, primarily focusing on children with ASD. Specific challenges were identified in assessing attachment patterns in children with NDDs. This demonstrates the need for research investigating attachment in children with various NDDs and co-occurring disorders. Keywords Neurodevelopmental disorder . Autism . Attachment . Systematic review . Parenting . Preschool-aged children
Introduction Attachment is a relationship between infants and their caregivers that represents a brain-based biological evolutionary system promoting infant survival [1, 2]. Securely attached infants use their caregivers as a base for exploration and a This article is part of the Topical Collection on Comorbidities * A. Potter-Dickey [email protected] 1
ACHRI Owerko Centre, Child Development Centre, 3rd Floor, 2888 Shaganappi Trail, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
2
Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
3
Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
4
Departments of Psychiatry and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
5
Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
haven from stress [2]. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) [3] designates neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) as dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder, developmental language disorder (DLD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [3]. NDDs frequently co-occur, and characteristic deficits may include delays in reaching developmental milestones of learning, executive function, and social interaction [3]. The limited knowledge surrounding attach
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