Associations between observed formaldehyde concentrations and smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and self-reported ca
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Associations between observed formaldehyde concentrations and smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and self-reported cancers and asthma: data for US children, adolescents, and adults Ram B. Jain 1 Received: 30 March 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract For the first time, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) released data on hemoglobin adducts of formaldehyde (HCHO) in public domain for US children aged 6–11 years, adolescents aged 12–19 years, and adults aged > = 20 years for 2015–2016. This study was undertaken to evaluate the associations between concentrations of HCHO in whole blood and smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and self-reported diagnoses of cancers and asthma. Adult smokers were found to have higher adjusted concentrations of HCHO than nonsmokers (127.7 vs. 125.1 pmol/g Hb, p = 0.02). Exposure to ETS was not found to affect the adjusted concentrations of HCHO. No associations were observed between HCHO concentrations and self-reported diagnosis of “ever” cancer as well as self-reported presence of asthma at the time of participation in NHANES. HCHO concentrations were not found to differ across genders and racial/ethnic groups for children and adolescents. Among adults, non-Hispanic blacks (120.0 pmol/g Hb) had lower adjusted concentrations (p < = 0.01) of HCHO than nonHispanic whites (128.8 pmol/g Hb), Mexican Americans (129.4 pmol/g Hb), other Hispanics (130.3 pmol/g Hb), and nonHispanic Asians (127.9 pmol/g Hb). In conclusion, self-reported diagnoses of cancer and asthma were not found to be associated with observed concentrations of HCHO in whole blood. Keywords Formaldehyde . Cancer . Asthma . Smoking
Introduction Formaldehyde (HCHO), at room temperature, is a flammable gas that may cause burning sensation to the eyes, nose, and lungs at high concentrations (https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ ToxProfiles/tp111-c1-b.pdf). HCHO is produced both by human activity and natural sources. Primary source of exposure to HCHO is by breathing air that contains HCHO. Automobile exhaust and cigarette smoke are predominant sources of HCHO air contamination. HCHO may also occur naturally in foods such as fruits. Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10007-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ram B. Jain
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Dacula, USA
Saccharides used as tobacco ingredients are responsible for generating HCHO in tobacco smoke (Baker 2006). HCHO is present in both mainstream and side-stream cigarette smoke. Smith et al. (2000) lists the presence of HCHO in mainstream cigarette smoke to be in the range of 3.4–283 μg/cig. Presence of HCHO in vaping products has been documented by Nicol et al. (2020), Gillman et al. (2020), and Cirillo et al. (2019). Aljadani et al. (2020) reported on the contents of water pipe smoke including genotoxic carcinogens such as HCHO. Internation
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