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AAA ATPase

Absorption Coefficient

Definition

Definition

AAA ATPases form a large and extremely heterogeneous family of enzymes belonging to the AAA superfamily containing a ring-shaped NTPase domain. These enzymes are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, hence the name (ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities). ▶Molecular Motors

The absorption coefficient (a.c.) is defined as the fraction of light absorbed per unit distance in an absorbing medium. The unit is cm−1. The a.c. of a solution is a measure for the general ability of the dissolved molecules to absorb photons and act as potential dyes.

Absorption Edge AAV ▶Adeno-Associated Virus

Abasic Site ▶Apurinic or Apyrimidinic (AP) Site ▶DNA Polymerases

ABCB1 ▶Multidrug Resistance Gene 1 (MDR1) alias ABCB1

ABC Transporters ▶ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters

Definition The absorption of X-rays by an atom varies with the wavelength. When an x-ray photon is absorbed by an atom, it enters an excited state for an extremely short period of time. When the atom de-excites it will emit an electron from near the core of the atom. This will only happen if the energy of the x-ray is higher than the energy level that is binding that electron to the core of the atom. When the x-ray has an energy equal to that of the binding energy of an electron, there is a sharp rise in the absorption, referred to as the absorption edge and this indicates that a photo-electron has been released. An X-ray photon of lower energy may be absorbed by an inner-shell electron (e.g. from the K-shell) which is elevated to a free place in a higher electron shell. If an electron returns to the K-shell immediately, a photon will be re-emitted at the same energy (strong coupling to absorption-edge energy), but the scattered photon is phase-shifted compared to a normally scattered photon, i.e. the scattering factor (atomic form factor) of the atom acquires an imaginary component. Thus, the f ″ scattering coefficient becomes non-zero, and the scattering factor is no longer a scalar quantity but a complex number. The imaginary scattering component f ″ is proportional to the directly measurable absorption and fluorescence. The real scattering component f ′ is related to f ″ via the Kramers-Kronig relationship. ▶MAD Phasing

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Absorptive Intestinal Cells

Absorptive Intestinal Cells

Acceptor

Definition

Definition

Absorptive intestinal cells are epithelial cells lining the lumen of the gut. They exhibit an increased ▶apical surface, the ▶brush border, which is specialised in the up-take of material including sugars, lipids, immunoglobulins, ions and water. ▶Microvilli

Molecule involved in Förster resonance transfer that receives energy from a different excited molecule (the donor). ▶FRET

Accessible Surface Area ACAMP Definition Apoptotic cell-associated molecular pattern. ▶Inflammatory Response

Acamprosate Definition The anti-craving compound acamprosate acts as a weak glutamate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist and modulates the number of specific glutamate (NMDA)-recepto