Auditory Processing Disorder: Biological Basis and Treatment Efficacy
Auditory processing disorders contribute to communication difficulties in children with language-based learning impairments and in older adults who have trouble hearing in background noise. Therefore, deficits in auditory processing are widespread among t
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Auditory Processing Disorder: Biological Basis and Treatment Efficacy Nina Kraus and Samira Anderson
Abstract Auditory processing disorders contribute to communication difficulties in children with language-based learning impairments and in older adults who have trouble hearing in background noise. Therefore, deficits in auditory processing are widespread among these diverse populations. For this reason, it behooves both scientific and clinical communities to consider optimum techniques for assessing and managing these deficits. The auditory brainstem response to complex sounds (cABR) provides an objective index of the biological health of the central auditory system. The cABR is also a sensitive indicator of training-induced neuroplastic changes and can therefore be used to assess treatment efficacy. Once integrated into clinical practice, use of the cABR may facilitate more widespread evaluation and treatment of auditory processing disorders.
Keywords Auditory aging Auditory-based learning impairments auditory training cABR Central auditory function Frequency following response Objective assessment Real-world environments Speech in noise Temporal processing
N. Kraus (&) Departments of Communication Sciences, Neurobiology and Physiology, and Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, 2240 N. Campus Dr., Evanston, IL 60208, USA e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.brainvolts.northwestern.edu S. Anderson Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.hearinbrainlab.umd.edu © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 C.G. Le Prell et al. (eds.), Translational Research in Audiology, Neurotology, and the Hearing Sciences, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research 58, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40848-4_3
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Introduction
The concept of an auditory processing disorder (APD) has been around for decades. Myklebust (1954) first defined APD as a disorder of auditory perception despite normal audiometric thresholds. In the 1970s, behavioral tests of auditory processing were developed and normative values were established based on performance of individuals with known cortical lesions. Now these behavioral tests are often used to assess auditory processing in children and adults who do not have identified anatomical abnormalities but have apparent hearing difficulties in difficult listening situations. The most common manifestation of APD is difficulty understanding speech in noise. Deficits in auditory processing are prevalent in children with learning disabilities (Bradlow et al. 2003; Sharma et al. 2006). Children with dyslexia have poorer speech-in-noise (SIN) perception than children who are typically developing (Bradlow et al. 2003). They also have difficulty recognizing speech degraded by the removal of temporal fine structure cues, demonstrating that a speech perception deficit can occur in the presence of either external or internal noise (Ziegler et al. 2009). In addition
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