Automobile Suspensions
This book is an introduction to the elementary technology of automobile suspensions. Inevitably steering geometry must be included in the text, since the dynamic steering behaviour, road-holding and cornering behaviour are all influenced by the suspension
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AutoInobile Suspensions COLIN CAMPBELL M.Sc., C.Eng., M.I.Mech.Engrs
LONDON
CHAPMAN AND HALL
First published 1981 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE © 1981 C. Campbell Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981
ISBN-13: 978-0-412-16420-0 (cased edition) ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3391-3 (paperback edition)
This title is available in both hardbound and paperback editions. The paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Campbell, Colin Automo bile suspensions 1. Automobiles - Springs and suspension I. Title 629.2' 43 TL 257 80-41445 ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3391-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3389-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3389-0
TO THE MEMORY OF
MAURICE OLLEY who introduced us to the benefits of independent suspension
Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Preface page ix Wheels and tyres 1 Springs 22 Suspension principles 41 Suspension geometry 54 Conventional systems 77 Road -holding 105 Dampers 120 Pneumatic suspensions 129 Hydropneumatic suspensions 143 Interconnected and no-roll suspensions 165 A small FWD saloon car: Ford Fiesta S 185 A high-performance sports car: Porsche 928 198 Index 211
We have had enough of action and of motion we, Roll'd to starboard, roll'd to larboard, When the surge was seething free. Alfred Lord Tennyson
Preface This book is an introduction to the elementary technology of automobile suspensions. Inevitably steering geometry must be included in the text, since the dynamic steering behaviour, road-holding and cornering behaviour are all influenced by the suspension design. Steering mechanisms and steering components are not covered in this book. This is not a mathematical treatise, but only a fool or a genius would attempt to design a motor vehicle without mathematics. The mathematics used in this book should present no problem to a first-year university student. SI units have been used in general, but for the benefit of those not familiar with them we have included in brackets, in many cases, the equivalent values in Imperial units. Many engineers regard the Pascal as an impractical unit of pressure. The author has therefore expressed pressures in bars (1 bar = 105Pa). A deviation from SI units is the use of degrees and minutes, instead of radians, to express camber, castor, roll angles, etc. This is still common practice in the motor industry. No attempt has been made to make any st
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