Bacteria Associated with Echinodorus cordifolius and Lepironia articulata Enhance Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from W
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Bacteria Associated with Echinodorus cordifolius and Lepironia articulata Enhance Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater Jamyang Tenzin1 · Ratana Hirunpunth1 · Anchittha Satjarak2 · Saranya Peerakietkhajorn1,3 Received: 3 August 2020 / Accepted: 19 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Phytoremediation and bioremediation are eco-friendly methods of wastewater treatment that are widely used throughout the world to reduce anthropogenic water contamination. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of symbiotic bacteria in phytoremediation using two aquatic plants, Echinodorus cordifolius and Lepironia articulata, that were tested in sterilized and unsterilized groups. The results showed that unsterilized plants removed more phosphate, ammonium, nitrate and nitrite than the sterilized plants. In untreated and unsterilized E. cordifolius groups, the dominant bacterium was Calothrix (46.90 and 49.69%, respectively), which was higher than in the sterilized E. cordifolius group (38.88%). In untreated and unsterilized groups of L. articulata, Clostridium was a dominant bacterium. The proportion of Clostridium was much lower in the sterilized L. articulata group (1.31%) than in the untreated (13.71%) and unsterilized (49.02%) groups. Our results suggested that root-associated bacteria in E. cordifolius and L. articulata were effective in the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from domestic wastewater. Keywords Wastewater · Phosphorus · Nitrogen · Bacterial community · Echinodorus · Lepironia Contaminants in wastewater from industrial and urban developments have been linked with major issues in water quality of downstream water resources (Verma et al. 2012; Zhuang et al. 2015). These contaminants generally include organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, oil, fats, and harmful microbes (Chen et al. 2018; Hussain et al. 2018). Their presence potentially impacts on human health and poses major challenges to environmental sustainability (Bilal and Iqbal 2019; Chen et al. 2011; Fleming et al. 2006). The majority of wastewater is produced by households and contains excessive amounts of phosphorus (phosphate) and nitrogen (ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate), which can * Saranya Peerakietkhajorn [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
2
Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
3
Gut Biology and Microbiota Research Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
promote algal blooming leading to cause hypoxia and the death of aquatic animals (Amini et al. 2013; Thongtha et al. 2014). Numerous methods of water treatment, such as solidification, filtration, oxidation, reverse osmosis, lagoon treatment, and electrochemical treatment, have been used to address the environmental issues associated with these pollutants (Aleya et
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