Bacterial and Protozoan Lipoxygenases Could be Involved in Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Immune Response Suppression
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Bacterial and Protozoan Lipoxygenases Could be Involved in CelltoCell Signaling and Immune Response Suppression G. F. Kurakin1,a*, A. M. Samoukina2, and N. A. Potapova3,4 1
Department of Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tver State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 170100 Tver, Russia 2 Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, Tver State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 170100 Tver, Russia 3 Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127051 Moscow, Russia 4 Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia a email: kurackin[email protected] Received June 19, 2020 Revised June 22, 2020 Accepted June 22, 2020 Abstract—Lipoxygenases are found in animals, plants, and fungi, where they are involved in a wide range of celltocell sig naling processes. The presence of lipoxygenases in a number of bacteria and protozoa has been also established, but their biological significance remains poorly understood. Several hypothetical functions of lipoxygenases in bacteria and protozoa have been suggested without experimental validation. The objective of our study was evaluating the functions of bacterial and protozoan lipoxygenases by evolutionary and taxonomic analysis using bioinformatics tools. Lipoxygenase sequences were identified and examined using BLAST, followed by analysis of constructed phylogenetic trees and networks. Our results support the theory on the involvement of lipoxygenases in the formation of multicellular structures by microorganisms and their possible evolutionary significance in the emergence of multicellularity. Furthermore, we observed association of lipoxygenases with the suppression of host immune response by parasitic and symbiotic bacteria including dangerous oppor tunistic pathogens. DOI: 10.1134/S0006297920090059 Keywords: lipoxygenases, bacteria, protozoa, bioinformatics, phylogenetics, signaling, multicellularity, opportunistic pathogens
INTRODUCTION Lipoxygenases catalyze oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with the formation of hydroperoxides [1]. Eukaryotic lipoxygenases form a family of proteins with a conserved amino acid sequence. The active site of these enzymes contains nonheme iron or, rarely, man ganese [2]. Lipoxygenases are abundant in animals, plants, and fungi [3, 4], where they perform the same function – synthesis of biologically active compounds oxylipins (oxidized PUFAs). Arachidonic acid is the main substrate of vertebrate lipoxygenases. The resulting products – leukotrienes, hydroxy and oxoeicosatetraenoic acids, and lipoxins – control the inflammatory response, as well as apoptosis, thrombocyte function, and tumor development [48].
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The products of lipoxygenase reaction in plants are involved in the organism response to damage and attack by pathogenic microorganisms [911]. The most known among them are jasmonates (cyclic oxylip
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