Basics of Inducible Lymphoid Organs
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs), also known as inducible lymphoid organs, tertiary lymphoid structures, tertiary lymphoid tissues, or ectopic lymphoid organs are accumulations of cells in chronic inflammation that have been observed in most tissues in aut
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Introduction.......................................................................................................................... Examples of Human and Murine TLOs ............................................................................. TLOs Share Structural and Cellular Features with LNs .................................................... Activities and Functions of TLOs....................................................................................... Regulation of TLOs............................................................................................................. 5.1 LN Development ........................................................................................................ 5.2 Induction of TLOs...................................................................................................... 5.3 TLO Plasticity............................................................................................................. 6 Summary and Conclusions.................................................................................................. References ..................................................................................................................................
Abstract Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs), also known as inducible lymphoid organs, tertiary lymphoid structures, tertiary lymphoid tissues, or ectopic lymphoid organs are accumulations of cells in chronic inflammation that have been observed in most tissues in autoimmunity, infection, and cancer in mouse and man. They share many properties with secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), particularly lymph nodes, with regard to cellular composition, function, and regulation. TLOs include T and B cells, dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, and many other stromal cells, and high endothelial venules (HEVs) and lymphatic vessels. They serve as sites of antigen presentation and tolerance induction; they are harmful in autoimmunity and can be both harmful and beneficial in cancer. SLO induction in ontogeny is mediated by interactions of several cell types, including CD4+ CD3- lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) RORct+ cells that express LTab and interact with mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) FAP+ cells in the presence of lymphatic N. H. Ruddle (&) Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA e-mail: [email protected] Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2020_218 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
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N. H. Ruddle
and blood vessels. A variety of inducer cells initiate TLOs, including bona fide LTi cells, T cells, B cells, and NK cells. The mesenchymal organizer cells are less well characterized but can include FAP+ cells. Current challenges include identification of methods to inhibit TLOs in autoimmunity without affecting SLOs, and enhancement of TLOs for defense against tumors.
1 Introduction Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs), also known as inducible lymphoid organs, ectopic l
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