Basin evolution model during cretaceous in the northeastern of Arabian plate in Kurdistan region
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Basin evolution model during cretaceous in the northeastern of Arabian plate in Kurdistan region Sirwan Hama Ahmed 1 & Éric Barrier 2 & Carla Müller 3
Received: 3 February 2016 / Accepted: 7 September 2016 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2016
Abstract The research area concentrates in a part of the main Zagros fold and thrust belt in the Kurdistan region (Northern Iraq). From study tectono-stratigraphy we constrain the story of the basin evolution of Kurdistan during Cretaceous. However we mainly investigated the evolution of the preSubduction and Pre-collision periods, focusing on the relationship between tectonics and sedimentation. For this purposes we developed (1) a biostratigraphic approach using nannofossil analysis, (2) a fault tectonic analysis, and (3) a stratigraphic study. The Zagros fold belt in Kurdistan exhibits many lateral and vertical environmental and facies changes, especially during the Cretaceous times. During the Jurassic period the Kurdistan is occupied by the restricted Gotnia Basin. This basin disappeared and the Kurdistan area changed to open marine of a southwest Kermanshah Basin during the Cretaceous. During the Berriasian to Barremian the Kurdistan was covered by the carbonates of the Balambo and Sarmord formations. In the east and southeast the neritic Sarmord Formation gradationally and laterally passes to the basinal facies of the Balambo Formation. In the Aptian to
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12517-016-2677-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sirwan Hama Ahmed [email protected]
1
Geology Department, University of Sulaimani, 1838, University New Campus-Bakhi Baxtiari, Sulaymaniah, Sulaymaniah 46001, Iraq
2
iSTeP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, CNRS, Case 129, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
3
6 bis, rue Haute, 92500, Rueil Malmaison, France
Cenomanian period shallow massive reefal limestone of the Qamchuqa Formation deposited. The normal faulting that initiates during the Aptian is associated with an abrupt lateral change of the reefal Qamchuqa Formation to the AptianCenomanian part of the Balambo Formation. During the Cenomanian-Early Turonian periods the graben formed in the Dokan Lake in eastern Kurdistan, where developed a deeper restricted environment (Dokan and Gulneri formations) surrounded by a shallow marine platform. During the Turonian the marine pelagic micritic cherty limestones of Kometan Formation covered northeast of Kurdistan, whereas in the Safeen, Shakrok and Harir anticlines the formation was totally, or partially, weathered during the Coniacian-Early Campanian period. The deposition during the Late Cretaceous is very heterogeneous with a gap in the Coniacian-Santonian times probably related to a non-deposition. Associated with extensive tectonics a basin developed during the Campanian with the deposition of shales, marls and marly limestones of the Shiranish Formation. The first appearance is the Kurdistan of the
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