Beneficial Effects of Fish Oil on Human Brain
It is becoming increasingly evident that the deficiency of n-3 fatty acids in diet is not only associated with cardiovascular diseases, but also involved in stroke, epilepsy and other neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer dis
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Beneficial Effects of Fish Oil on Human Brain
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Beneficial Effects of Fish Oil on Human Brain
Akhlaq A. Farooqui
Beneficial Effects of Fish Oil on Human Brain
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Akhlaq A. Farooqui Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43221 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-0542-0 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-0543-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0543-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929747 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
In the memory of my beloved uncle ‘‘late Mohd Ateeq Saheb’’ and grandmother ‘‘late Masoodi Begum,’’ who brought me up, gave me their unyielding support, and taught me the difference between right and wrong. – Akhlaq A. Farooqui
Preface
In neural membrane glycerophospholipids, essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are exclusively located at the sn-2 position of glycerol moiety. Because humans do not possess desaturases that insert either the n-3 or the n-6 double bonds, these fatty acids are derived from diet. DHA can be obtained from fish or from the precursor a-linolenic acid (ALA), which is found in nuts. The common precursor for ARA is dietary linoleic acid (LA) from plant sources. The high intake of food enriched in vegetable oils elevates levels of ARA-derived eicosanoids and upregulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. ARA-derived eicosanoids have prothrombotic, proaggregatory, and proinflammatory properties. In contrast, a diet enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA (fish and fish oil) generates docosanoids, which not only downregulate proinflammatory cytokines but also have antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and vasodilatory effects. Thus, levels of eicosanoids and docosanoids in neural and non-neural tissues are partly
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