Benefits and Risks for the Environment and Crop Production with Application of Nitrification Inhibitors in China
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Benefits and Risks for the Environment and Crop Production with Application of Nitrification Inhibitors in China Jichao Gao 1,2 & Jiafa Luo 3 & Stuart Lindsey 3 & Yuanliang Shi 1,2 & Zhaolin Sun 1,2 & Zhanbo Wei 1,2 & Lingli Wang 1,2 Received: 27 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract Positive and negative effects coexist in applying nitrification inhibitors (NIs) in China, making it difficult to accurately evaluate the risks and benefits brought by applying NIs. Thus, this study comprehensively investigated the benefits and risks for the environment and crops when applying three commonly used NIs: 3,4-dimethypyrazole phosphate (DMPP), dicyandiamide (DCD), and 2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine (nitrapyrin) in China. A meta-analysis including 617 observations from 172 studies in China was conducted in this study. DMPP, DCD, and nitrapyrin averagely reduced nitrous (N2O) emissions by 60.1%, 30.4%, and 36.1%, nitrate (NO3−) leaching by 49.5%, 51.9%, and 49.4%, respectively. Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were also inhibited by NIs. However, the application of DMPP, DCD, and nitrapyrin aggravated ammonia (NH3) volatilization by 43.2%, 27.4%, and 28.5%, respectively, and ammonium (NH4+) leaching by an average of 28.2%, 80.1%, and 30.9%, respectively. NIs increased crop yields and the magnitudes of the effects were in the following order: nitrapyrin (8.6–12%) > DCD (6.9–10.3%) > DMPP (5.8–8%). Furthermore, plant NO3− content was reduced by NIs and crop growth characteristics and qualities (e.g., plant height and sugar content) all exhibited positive responses to NI application. NI application provided benefits by decreasing N2O, CH4, and CO2 emissions and NO3−-N leaching and by enhancing crop yields and quality. The risks of NI application were caused by increasing NH3 volatilization and NH4+-N leaching. Considering all the environmental and crop factors together, the benefits in applying NIs were greater than the risks. Keywords Nitrification inhibitors . Crop production and quality . Greenhouse gas . Economic benefit
1 Introduction China plays a leading role in world crop production, accounting for 28%, 23%, and 17%, respectively, of the world’s total rice, maize, and wheat production and 18.5%, 21.5%, and 11.2%, respectively, of the world’s total rice, maize, and wheat cropping areas. (FAOSTAT 2017). China also is the largest producer of vegetables, accounting for 51% of the world’s total vegetable production and 41.2% of the world’s total vegetable
* Yuanliang Shi [email protected] 1
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
3
AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
cropping area (FAOSTAT 2017). Even though China has achieved such high rates of food production, more is still needed to meet the requirements
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