The relationship between food addiction and patterns of disordered eating with exercise dependence: in amateur endurance
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The relationship between food addiction and patterns of disordered eating with exercise dependence: in amateur endurance athletes Carolin Hauck1 · Melanie Schipfer2,3 · Thomas Ellrott1 · Brian Cook4 Received: 4 April 2019 / Accepted: 3 October 2019 © The Author(s) 2019
Abstract Purpose Examine the prevalence and potential relationships among food addiction (FA)—as measured by Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0), eating disorders (ED)—as measured by Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS)—and exercise dependence (EXD)—as measured by Questionnaire to Diagnose Exercise Dependence in Endurance Sports (FESA), for the first time worldwide, in amateur endurance athletes. Methods A total of 1022 German-speaking endurance athletes (44% male, Ø 36 years, Ø BMI 23 kg/m2) replied to an online questionnaire consisting of demographics, related parameters, and the German versions of YFAS 2.0, EDDS, and FESA. Results Prevalence of FA, ED, and EXD was 6.2, 6.5, and 30.5%. The probability for FA increases with BMI, thoughts about food and EXD score, and decreases with age and when an ED is present. People with FA and people with ED vs. people with both, FA&ED, differed significantly in this cohort. Strong significant relationships were found between FA and EXD (X2 (1) = 15.117, p 50% within triathletes [23]. Some research groups also describe pathological excessive exercise as ‘exercise addiction’ [24–32]. Prevalence for exercise addiction is 0.3–42% in various samples [25, 30]. Both terms, EXD and exercise addiction may in fact represent a similar, or even the same, phenomenon of pathological excessive exercise [33, 34]. To simplify it in this paper, only the term ‘EXD’ is used, which most likely describes both EXD and exercise addiction. Basically, athletes, especially endurance athletes, are obliged to perform excessive amounts of sport to improve their athletic performance. That may be why it is difficult to detect the line between healthy extreme exercise and pathological excessive exercise. Furthermore, especially in endurance sports, many athletes are similar to individuals with specific forms of ED, e.g., Anorexia Nervosa, in that they maintain a low body weight and low body fat mass, although they are generally otherwise healthy with healthy eating habits. Thus, a distinction between healthy exercise, as well as healthy eating habits, and unhealthy body size and athletic exercise that possibly indicated disordered eating is difficult to identify. For example, the simple carbohydrates required to fuel endurance-type athletic events may be similar to the
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Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity
patterns of eating defined as FA and foods and quantities typically consumed during objective binge episodes. Therefore, there is the potential for the development of FA in this unique population that is also at-risk for EXD [19] and ED [16]. To date, the relationships among these risks have not been examined. For this reason, athletes represent a good group to find out
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