Bioaugmentation of Soil Contaminated with Zinc
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Bioaugmentation of Soil Contaminated with Zinc Rafał Strachel & Jadwiga Wyszkowska Baćmaga
& Małgorzata
Received: 23 September 2019 / Accepted: 6 August 2020 / Published online: 14 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract An experiment described in this work aimed to establish the role of bioaugmentation in minimizing adverse outcomes of loamy sand contamination with zinc. The bioaugmentation was conducted with the use of microbial strains being most resistant to the action of zinc, which were isolated from the soil contaminated with 1250 mg Zn2+ kg−1 dry matter (DM) of soil after 12-month incubation. The soil was inoculated with 4 strains of bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis KT986159.1, Bacillus sp. KF956639.1, Gordonia amicalis KM113029.1, Leifsonia sp. KJ191763.1) and 4 strains of fungi (Penicillium raperi KC797647.1, Penicillium janthinellum AY373921.1, Penicillium glabrum LT558918.1, Trichoderma harzianum LN714612.1). In the case of the non-contaminated soil, a metal dose of 250 mg Zn2+ kg−1 DM of soil contributed to enhanced proliferation and microorganisms and enzymatic activity. In turn, zinc in its highest dose (1250 mg Zn2+ kg−1 DM of soil) evoked adverse effects, which were manifested in reduced numbers and diversity of microorganisms and suppressed activity of soil enzymes. This contamination rate stimulated only the proliferation of fungi, but their ecophysiological diversity was reduced either. The bioaugmentation treatment minimized adverse effects of zinc. Unfortunately, the use of autochthonous microorganisms failed to reduce zinc bioavailability in the soil. R. Strachel : J. Wyszkowska (*) : M. Baćmaga Department of Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Bioaugmentation . Soil enzymes . Soil microbiome . Zinc
1 Introduction Growing contamination with heavy metals disturbs the functions of various elements of the natural environment, including soil. One of the adverse outcomes of the toxic action of trace elements is reduced soil fertility (Liu et al. 2018). Some heavy metals, i.e., Zn, Cu, Ni, and Mn, are indispensable for the proper functioning of live organisms. Nonetheless, most of them may impair cell metabolism (Selvi and Aruliah 2018). Effects of heavy metals on the microbiological and chemical properties of soil include decreased numbers and diversity of the microbiome and, consequently, the suppressed activity of soil enzymes (Cáliz et al. 2013; Qu et al. 2011; Strachel et al. 2018; Wyszkowska et al. 2016). For this reason, extensive works have been undertaken to develop methods that would minimize the adverse impact of heavy metals on the soil environment. Unlike organic contaminants, heavy metals are non-degradable (Alvarez et al. 2017); hence, remediation of soil contaminated by them involves their conversion into less toxic compounds or in their immobilization aimed at reducing their bioavailability. Physical methods of soil purification from heavy metals are costly and suitable
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