Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Soil and Associated Desorption-Based Measure
Many publications on contaminant bioavailability in soils often state that the use of total contaminant concentrations in risk assessment is an overly conservative approach. Such conservatism makes traditional risk assessment approaches and contaminated l
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Fate of HOCs in Soils 2.1 Temporal Fractionation of HOCs in Soil 3 Contaminant Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility 3.1 Measurement of HOC Bioaccessibility 4 Desorption-Resistant or Residual HOC Fractions and Associated Potential Risks 5 Considerations for the Development of a Simple Intelligent Desorption Extraction Scheme for the Measurement of HOCs’ Bioaccessibility in Soil 6 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research Appendix References
Abstract Many publications on contaminant bioavailability in soils often state that the use of total contaminant concentrations in risk assessment is an overly conservative approach. Such conservatism makes traditional risk assessment approaches and contaminated land decision-making expensive. The risk-based approach to
A. C. Umeh and R. Naidu Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia O. J. Owojori Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada K. T. Semple (*) Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK e-mail: [email protected] Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo and John Robert Parsons (eds.), Bioavailability of Organic Chemicals in Soil and Sediment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_521, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. C. Umeh et al.
contaminated land management strives to identify and manage the potential risks of significant harm being caused to humans and ecological receptors, following exposure to contaminated land. Risk-based approaches are more cost-effective than the traditional approaches from the perspective of contaminated land management. Contaminant bioavailability or bioaccessibility is one of the critical concepts that underpins risk-based approaches to contaminated land management. Bioavailability describes the fraction of the total contaminant concentration that desorbs from soil and is immediately available to cause harm to a living organism, after passing through the organism’s membrane. Bioaccessibility describes what is available and potentially available under natural environmental conditions and during realistic timeframes. The reliable measurements of either contaminant bioavailability or bioaccessibility is therefore critical; in this regard, a thorough understanding of contaminant sequestration and desorption behaviour is required. This chapter discusses the fate of HOCs in soils, bioavailability and bioaccessibility of organic contaminants and their associated desorption-based measurements. Keywords Bioaccessibility, Bioaccumulate, Bioavailability, Desorption, Hydrophobicity, Sequestration
1 Introduction Chemical contamination is a global problem. Over the years, thousands of organic and inorganic chemicals have been released into the environment, particularly through an
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